蜜蜂體內已知有功能性的磁性鐵顆粒分子，牠們利用這些鐵分子來感應地球磁場建立導航機制。LA-ICP-MS掃描圖譜技術可以針對固體樣品中多種元素分佈的情形，提供高樣品產量、高靈敏度與精確的解析；本研究利用LA-ICP-MS掃描圖譜技術用於偵測蜜蜂體內的無機元素分布，數據利用MATLAB軟體來處理，並且用來鑑定其體內的磁性鐵顆粒分子，並且輔以核磁共振成像 (MRI)、掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)以及微米級電腦斷層掃描系統(micro CT)來加以佐證鑑定。並且利用LA-ICP-MS來定量蜜蜂的食物，如:花粉、蜂蜜、蜂王乳等，來探討體內元素與其關係。結果證實，蜜蜂體內的無機元素分布與文獻上討論結果類似，此方法可用於鑑定昆蟲切片樣品的元素分析鑑定。另外，磁性鐵顆粒分子的成分與性質與文獻上的討論相同，並且找出其組成比例。蜂蜜的元素濃度在各國文獻的濃度區間之中，而花粉中大部分的元素濃度是最高的，高濃度重金屬如錳、鉛即藉由花粉進入體內，而各階段蜜蜂食物的元素濃度，也影響到當時蜜蜂的元素分布情形。

The distribution of magnetic particles inside migration animals is always an interesting topic that deserves our attentions. In this study, the LA-ICP-MS is applied to probe the distribution of these magnetic particles along with other elements of concern inside the bees and wasps. Based on obtained results, it is aware that phosphor and sulfur are particular fat body of larva, alimentary canal of pupa, alimentary canal, muscle and brain of workers, drones, and wasps. Sodium, magnesium and calcium appear at the place where bioreactions are highly active. The intensity of manganese, copper, zinc and iron strongly reflects the activity of enzymes. Whereas the accumulation of lead inside the alimentary canal reveals that transport of heavy metal contaminants is mainly via pollen uptake. In addition, a high density of iron aggregates was found along the shell of the abdomen of workers. They might probably come from the degradation of ferritin. Further MRI results confirmed these iron aggregates are magnetic. In conclusion, it is undoubted that LA-ICP-MS is capable of probing the distribution of multielement, biointeractions, fate of pollutants, as well as the semiquantification of magnetic particles inside migration animals.

Reference
1. Pohl P: Determination of metal content in honey by atomic absorption and emission spectrometries. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2009, 28(1):117-128.
2. C.N. Keima CC-L, F.G. Carneiroa, M. Farinaa,*, Abraçado LG: Ferritin in iron containing granules from the fat body of the honeybees Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica. micron 2002, 33:53-59.
3. LI* C-YHaC-W: The ultrastructure and formation of iron granules in the honey bee. J exp Biol 1993, 180:1-13.
4. Yoshizato K: Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Amphibian Metamorphosis with a Special Emphasis on the Mechanism of Removal of Larval Organs. In: International Review of Cytology. Volume Volume 119y Editor|. City|: Publisher|; Year|:Pages|. [|Series Editor (Series Editor^Editors|): Series Title|, vol Series Volume|]|.
5. Rodrigues A, Cunha L, Amaral A, Medeiros J, Garcia P: Bioavailability of heavy metals and their effects on the midgut cells of a phytopaghous insect inhabiting volcanic environments. The Science of the total environment 2008, 406(1-2):116-122.
6. Zhuang P, Zou H, Shu W: Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain: Field study. Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009, 21(6):849-853.
7. Brodie DA, Locke M, Ottensmeyer FP: High resolution microanalysis for phosphorus in Golgi complex beads of insect fat body tissue by electron spectroscopic imaging. Tissue and Cell 1982, 14(1):1-11.
8. Marshall AT: X-ray microanalysis of copper and sulphur-containing granules in the fat body cells of homopteran insects. Tissue and Cell 1983, 15(2):311-315.
9. Sodium Channels. 2009.
10. Gilmour D, Calaby JH: The magnesium-activated apyrase of insect muscle. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1952, 41(1):83-103.
11. Maruyama K, Allen SR: Effects of magnesium and calcium ions on the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of insect actomyosin at low ionic strength. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1967, 21(3):713-718.
12. Wu B, Chen Y, Becker JS: Study of essential element accumulation in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens after Cu treatment by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Analytica chimica acta 2009, 633(2):165-172.
13. Maret W: Zinc coordination environments in proteins determine zinc functions. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 2005, 19(1):7-12.
14. Polizzi S, Ferrara M, Bugiani M, Barbero D, Baccolo T: Aluminium and iron air pollution near an iron casting and aluminium foundry in Turin district (Italy). Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 2007, 101(9):1339-1343.
15. Ely A, Baudu M, Basly J-P, Kankou MOSAO: Copper and nitrophenol pollutants removal by Na-montmorillonite/alginate microcapsules. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2009, 171(1–3):405-409.
16. Oesch S, Faller M: Environmental effects on materials: The effect of the air pollutants SO2, NO2, NO and O3 on the corrosion of copper, zinc and aluminium. A short literature survey and results of laboratory exposures. Corrosion Science 1997, 39(9):1505-1530.
17. Jiménez-Cedillo MJ, Olguín MT, Fall C, Colín A: Adsorption capacity of iron- or iron–manganese-modified zeolite-rich tuffs for As(III) and As(V) water pollutants. Applied Clay Science 2011, 54(3–4):206-216.
18. Marion M, Denizeau F: Rainbow trout and human cells in culture for the evaluation of the toxicity of aquatic pollutants: A study with lead. Aquatic Toxicology 1983, 3(1):47-60.
19. Gray AL: Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry. The Analyst 1985, 110(5):551.
20. Andrei I: Method development using ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS and their application in environmental and material sceince. 2006.
21. Sylvester PJ, Eggins SM: Analysis of Re, Au, Pd, Pt and Rh in NIST Glass Certified Reference Materials and Natural Basalt Glasses by Laser Ablation ICP-MS. Geostandards Newsletter 1997, 21(2):215-229.
22. Becker JS, Zoriy M, Matusch A, Wu B, Salber D, Palm C: Bioimaging of metals by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Mass Spectrom Rev 2010, 29(1):156-175.
23. Do T-M, Hsieh H-F, Chang W-C, Chang EE, Wang C-F: Analysis of liquid samples using dried-droplet laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 2011, 66(8):610-618.
24. Hsieh H-F, Chang W-S, Hsieh Y-K, Wang C-F: Using dried-droplet laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify multiple elements in whole blood. Analytica chimica acta 2011, 699(1):6-10.
25. Kotzeva BG, Guillong M, Stefanova E, Piperov NB: LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions in a quartz crystal (Madan ore district, Bulgaria). Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2011, 108(3):163-175.
26. Zoriy MV, Mayer D, Becker JS: Metal imaging on surface of micro- and nanoelectronic devices by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and possibility to measure at nanometer range. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2009, 20(5):883-890.
27. HALDEN LFRANM: <Determining Exposure History of Northern Pike and Walleye to Tailings Effluence Using Trace Metal Uptake in Otoliths.pdf>. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:1551-1558.
28. Santos MC, Wagner M, Wu B, Scheider J, Oehlmann J, Cadore S, Becker JS: Biomonitoring of metal contamination in a marine prosobranch snail (Nassarius reticulatus) by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Talanta 2009, 80(2):428-433.
29. Matusch A, Depboylu C, Palm C, Wu B, Hoglinger GU, Schafer MK, Becker JS: Cerebral bioimaging of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 2010, 21(1):161-171.
30. Badiou A, Meled M, Belzunces LP: Honeybee Apis mellifera acetylcholinesterase—A biomarker to detect deltamethrin exposure. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2008, 69(2):246-253.
31. Rodrigues A, Cunha L, Amaral A, Medeiros J, Garcia P: Bioavailability of heavy metals and their effects on the midgut cells of a phytopaghous insect inhabiting volcanic environments. Science of The Total Environment 2008, 406(1–2):116-122.
32. Edrich W: Interaction of light and gravity in the orientation of the waggle dance of honey bees. Animal Behaviour 1977, 25, Part 2(0):342-363.
33. Gould JL: The Case for Magnetic Sensitivity in Birds and Bees (Such As It Is): Surprising concentrations of magnetite in the tissues of some animals may explain their sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. American Scientist 1980, 68(3):256-267.
34. Gould JL, Kirschvink, J. L. & Deffeyes, K. S.: Bees have magnetic remanence. Science 1978, 102:1026-1028.
35. MICHAEL M. WALKER MEB: HONEYBEES CAN BE TRAINED TO RESPOND TO VERY. J exp Biol 1989, 145:489-494.
36. Kuterbach: Iron-Containing Cells in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera). Science 1982, 218:695-697.
37. Mann S: Molecular recognition in biomineralization. Nature 1988, 332(6160):119-124.
38. Arias JL, Fink DJ, Xiao S-Q, Heuer AH, Caplan AI: Biomineralization and Eggshells: Cell-Mediated Acellular Compartments of Mineralized Extracellular Matrix. In: International Review of Cytology. Volume Volume 145y Editor|. City|: Publisher|; Year|:Pages|. [|Series Editor (Series Editor^Editors|): Series Title|, vol Series Volume|]|.
39. Li J, Pan Y, Liu Q, Yu-Zhang K, Menguy N, Che R, Qin H, Lin W, Wu W, Petersen N et al: Biomineralization, crystallography and magnetic properties of bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes in giant rod magnetotactic bacteria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 293(3–4):368-376.
40. Mora CV, Walker MM: Consistent effect of an attached magnet on the initial orientation of homing pigeons, Columba livia. Animal Behaviour (0).
41. Marusin SL: Sample preparation — the key to SEM studies of failed concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 1995, 17(4):311-318.
42. Chin-Yuan Hsu F-YK, Chia-Wei Li, Kuni Fann, Juh-Tzeng Lue: Magnetoreception System in Honeybees (Apis mellifera). plos one 2007:1-11.
43. M. Garcı´a-Alvarez JFH, M. Hermida, and J. L. Rodrı´guez-Otero: <Major Components of Honey Analysis by Near-Infrared.pdf>. J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48:5154-5158.
44. Muñoz E, Palmero S: Determination of heavy metals in honey by potentiometric stripping analysis and using a continuous flow methodology. Food Chemistry 2006, 94(3):478-483.
45. P. Kump* MNe, J. Snajder: Determination of trace elements in bee honey, pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 1996, 51:499-507.
46. Calzoni GL, Antognoni F, Pari E, Fonti P, Gnes A, Speranza A: Active biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution using Rosa rugosa plants. Environ Pollut 2007, 149(2):239-245.
47. Szczêsna T: <Concentration of selected elements in honeybee-collected pollen.pdf>. Journal of Apicultural Science 2007, 51:5-13.
48. Sabrine H, Afif H, Mohamed B, Hamadi B, Maria H: Effects of cadmium and copper on pollen germination and fruit set in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Scientia Horticulturae 2010, 125(4):551-555.
49. Stocker A, Schramel P, Kettrup A, Bengsch E: Trace and mineral elements in royal jelly and homeostatic effects. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2005, 19(2-3):183-189.
50. D. Haddad FS, R. Brandt, G. Manz, R. Menzel, A. Haase NMR Imaging of the honeybee brain. Journal of Insect Science 2004.
51. Kaya HK, Vega FE: Chapter 1 - Scope and Basic Principles of Insect Pathology. In: Insect Pathology (Second Edition)y Editor|. City|: Publisher|; Year|:Pages|. [|Series Editor (Series Editor^Editors|): Series Title|, vol Series Volume|]|.
52. Reichenbecher GWaV: The Effects of Superoxide and the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands on the Mitochondrial Processing of Manganese-Dependent Superoxide Dismutase. Experimental Cell Research 1999, 246:443-450.
53. Tukendorf A: Copper Binding in Roots by Cytosol Proteins in vitro. Journal of Plant Physiology 1987, 130(2–3):201-209.
54. Zheng J, Tan M, Shibata Y, Tanaka A, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Shan Z: Characteristics of lead isotope ratios and elemental concentrations in PM10 fraction of airborne particulate matter in Shanghai after the phase-out of leaded gasoline. Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38(8):1191-1200.
55. H. Raes RCaUR: Distribution, accumulation and depuration of administered lead in adult honeybees. The Science of the total environment 1992, 113:269-279.
56. Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega DRS, Myong Won Kahng, JosC Manuel Hernindezb, Arnulfo Albores, Bruce A. Fowler: Lead-binding proteins in brain tissue of environmentally lead-exposed humans. Chemico-Biological Interactions 1995, 98:193-209.
57. Fawzi A. E1-Shobaki WR: Binding of Copper to Mucosal Transferrin. Experimental Medicine 1979, 174:187-195.
58. Jia S, Chi S, Lynn J, Cava R: Magnetic and structural properties of Ca(Fe_{1−x}Co_{x})_{2}P_{2} and Ca(Ni_{1−x}Co_{x})_{2}P_{2}. Physical Review B 2010, 81(21).
59. Rahman MA, Hasegawa H: High levels of inorganic arsenic in rice in areas where arsenic-contaminated water is used for irrigation and cooking. Science of The Total Environment 2011, 409(22):4645-4655.
60. Danadurai KS, Chellam S, Lee CT, Fraser MP: Trace elemental analysis of airborne particulate matter using dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: application to monitoring episodic industrial emission events. Analytica chimica acta 2011, 686(1-2):40-49.