基於掌骨影像之電腦化骨骼年齡判讀與成長模型之研究

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研究生：	謝奇文 Chi-Wen, Hsieh
論文名稱：	基於掌骨影像之電腦化骨骼年齡判讀與成長模型之研究 The Study of Computerized Bone Age Assessment and Carpals Growth Model Based on Hand Images
指導教授：	鐘太郎 Tai-Lang, Jong
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2007
畢業學年度：	95
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	106
中文關鍵詞：	掌骨、指骨、腕骨、骨骼年齡
外文關鍵詞：	Hand, phalanx, carpal, bone age
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在本論文中提出了掌骨對骨骼年齡的相關研究與電腦化判讀技術。主要內容包括6大項。1. 利用比較掌骨幾何型態，逐步的逼近法，提出全自動的指骨年齡判讀系統，全自動的腕骨年齡判讀系統，且得到還可以接受的判讀結果。2. 利用在醫學上腕骨和指骨的生長特性，結合神經網路與模糊理論的指腕骨特徵年齡判讀系統。該系統可略提昇骨骼年齡的正確性，近乎在臨床實用階段。3. 同時也針對指骨的生長同步化做了統計分析，包含了各指節的相關係數計算，與電腦化與骨骼年齡的特徵迴歸分析，以提供中指為特徵的指骨年齡判讀系統更堅實的理論基礎。4. 除此外，我們也針對腕骨的特徵，包括幾何特徵，主成分分析，相關係數、腕骨的相對位置，作了基礎的研究。此結果可以提供腕骨生長的醫學基礎與應用之用。5. 我們也試圖利用的自創的假力模型，提出腕骨的成長模型，該模型利用物理上的彈性模型與動力學，計算時變的腕骨邊界的變化。利用彈性係數為概念的生長矩陣來描述生長狀態。除此外，我們也計算了各腕骨的相關力學能，做為生長描述的特徵。該模型不僅可作為骨骼年齡判讀，且可以預測，及回溯腕骨各骨區的幾何型態。我們認為本模型有物理，醫學和工程的整合意義與應用。6. 本論文也比較北美白人孩童資料庫 (GP)，40年前的台灣孩童資料庫，與2000年後的台灣孩童資料庫的生長異同。從初步的結果得知，發現台灣孩童有一生長落後於GP標準的現象，也發現40年前的孩童有落後現今孩童的現象，但幅度不大，另外也統計了腕骨生長次序，得了一些有意義的醫學結果。

This dissertation is focused on the study of the computer-assisted bone age assessment and the corresponding bone age statistics. The topics include the description of a fully automatic computerized bone age assessment procedure based on phalangeal ossification features, the growth synchronization of phalanxes based on the statistics of computerized features, and the quantitative assessment of carpal growth by growth factors. The study not only makes a correlation evaluation of phalanxes but supports direct evidence that a feature of middle finger could be used as a good index to describe the bone age. The dissertation also provides a survey to describe the relationship between chronological age and carpals’ shapes and relative positions in pediatrics. In addition, it also makes a computerized analysis of the relative position and geometric features of carpals versus chronological and bone age. The results of this study not only can support the fundamental bioinformatics of carpals of Taiwanese but also some significant features to make the computerized bone age assessment system more practical in pediatrics.
Besides, the dissertation describes the construction of a carpal ossified model, and its applications to carpal bone age assessment and bone growth estimation procedures based on a fuzzy criterion and statistical analysis. The proposed growth matrices include the longitudinal and transverse descriptions of the increase rate of a bone in each one-year-old growth stage. The growth matrices can indicate the overall dynamic processes and trends of the ossification of each part of carpals. Combining the geometric features, we can obtain the carpal growth model that can cover many aspects and benefits for the analysis of the ossification.
Some medical evidence of Taiwanese is discovered in the dissertation, too. The differences between North American and Taiwanese children are roughly identified. The growth sequence and geometric features of carpal bones have some obvious differences. The work could support the health care department to promote the quality of life for Taiwanese.

Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………..…….…………………..i
Abstract………………………………………………………………….………………….ii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………….…………………iii
List of Contents……….………………………………………………….…………………iv
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….………………vii
List of Tables………….………………………………………………….………………xii
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...1
1  Background…………..……………………………………………..……………1
2  GP Method………………………………………………...………………………3
2.1 The Concept of Skeletal Age…….…………………….……………………..3
2.2 The Growth Status of the Right and Left Hand……………………………..4
3   TW Method…………………………………………………….………...………...5
4   The Comparison of GP with TW Method…………….………………...……….7
5   Review of Computer-Assisted Bone Age Assessment………………………..9
6    Contributions of This Dissertation………………….…………………….10
7   Dissertation Skeleton………………..…………………………….………….11
Chapter 2 Phalanx-Based Bone Age Assessment…..……………………..………….13
1 Overview…………………………………………………..………….……………...13
2 Preprocessing………………………………….………………….……...…………14
2.1 Left Hand Image Cropping.………………………..…….……………….…14
2.2 Angle Calibration and Heuristic Approach…………………….…………...15
2.3 Medius Image Selection by Heuristic Approach…………………………..16
3 Phalange Feature Extraction………………………….……………..…………….18
3.1 Physiological Features...………………………………………….…………18
3.2 Morphological Features……………………………………….……………..19
3.3 Feature Analysis……………………………………………………………22
4 Bone Age Assessment……………………………………..………….…………...24
5 The Study of Synchronized Growth of Phalanxes……………………………..28
5.1 Preprocessing………………………………………………………………….28
5.2 Feature Assessment………………………………..…………………………30
5.3 Correlation Coefficients Calculation………………..…….…………………..32
5.4 Regression Analysis…………………………………………………………...36
Chapter 3 Carpal-Based Bone Age Assessment………………..………………..……41
1 Overview………………………………………………………..………….………...41
2 Carpal Image Selection by Heuristic Approach………………………………...41
3 Carpals Segmentation……………………………………………………………..42
4 Correlation Coefficient Analysis of Geometric Features of Carpal …….…….43
5 Growth Differences between Female and Male Carpals……..………………..49
6 Motivation of the Bone Age Assessment Based on Fuzzy Theory…………...51
6.1 Fuzzy Bone Age Assessment Procedures………………...………………...51
6.2 Fuzzy Membership Functions -Type I…………………...…………………...51
6.3 Fuzzy Membership Functions -Type II………………...………….………….54
6.4 Results of PCA…………………………………………….…………………...55
6.5 Membership Functions Constructed by Principle Components……..…….56
6.6 Fuzzy Membership Functions -Type III……………………..……….……….57
6.7 Ratio-I………………………………………………………….……..…………57
6.8 Ratio-II…………………………………………………….…….……….……...59
6.9 Combination of All 29 Features………………………….……….….………61
6.10 Compactness-I and Compactness-II……………………………………….63
6.11 Comparison of the Assessment Results……………………..……..………64
6.12 Summary of Fuzzy CBA……………………………………………...…..66
7 Relative Position of Carpals Versus Chronological Age……………...….……..67
Chapter 4 Bone Age Assessment Based on Both Carpal and Phalanx Information.. 70
1 Concepts…………………………………………………….………..……..………70
2 Carpals Segmentation……………………………………..…………….…………70
3 Fuzzy Concept Classification…………………………..…………….………….71
4 Neural Network Classifier……………………………….…………………………72
5 Fuzzy Filter Based on Carpal Features………………..…………….......……… 72
6 Experimental Results………………………………….…………………….……...74
7 Summary...………………………………………….....…………………..…..…….76
Chapter 5 Constructing a Growth Model of Carpals based on Pseudo Force………79
1 Basic Concept-Pseudo Force Model……………..……………………………….79
2 Growth Factors and Features……………………..………………………………80
2.1 Longitudinal Spatial Growth…………………………………………………..81
2.2 Transverse Spatial Growth……………………………………………………81
3 Simulation………………………………………..……………………….………….81
4 Carpal Contour Prediction and Recall……………..………….…………..………83
5 Pseudo Energy Features………………………..…………………………………84
6 Verification of the Estimation Patterns…………….…………………………….86
Chapter 6 Database Effect of Bone Age Development………………………..…..……...89
1 Literature Surveys…………………………………………………………………..89
2 Statistics of Carpals…………………………………….……..……………………89
2.1 Geometric Feature Extraction…………………………...…………………..89
2.2 Bone Sequence Analysis……………………….……………………………..94
2.3 Discussion………………………………………………..……………………95
3 Database Comparison - Today and Four Decades Ago………………………95
Chapter 7 Conclusions…..……………………………………..………………………...98
References……………………………………………………………………………...101
Appendix…………………………………………………………......……………………105

                                

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