漢語失語症病人有關句法位移及論旨角色指派之語句表達與理解

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研究生：	黃恆銘 Huang, Heng-Ming
論文名稱：	漢語失語症病人有關句法位移及論旨角色指派之語句表達與理解 Syntactic Displacement and Asyntactic Thematic Role Assignment in Mandarin Chinese-Speaking Aphasics: Evidence from Their Production and Comprehension
指導教授：	蘇宜青 Su, Yi-Ching
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	100
中文關鍵詞：	漢語、失語症、句法位移、論旨角色指派、論元結構、表達困難、選擇性理解缺陷
外文關鍵詞：	Mandarin, aphasia, syntactic displacement, thematic role assignment, argument structure, production difficulty, selective comprehension deficits
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本篇論文旨在探究漢語失語症病人對於單音節「非作格動詞」（unergative verb），如：「哭」，以及「非賓格動詞」（unaccusative verb），如：「破」，所組成的兩類語句之表達與理解能力以及探討他們對「主動句」（actives）、「被動句」（passives）、「主語關係句」（subject relative clauses）和「賓語關係句」（object relative clauses）等四類句型的理解能力，並驗證下列四個理論在預測漢語失語症病人於上述句型中表現情形之正確性，其理論分別為：the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis (TDH), the Double Dependency Hypothesis (DDH), the Argument Linking Hypothesis (ALH), and the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis (ASCH)。

在實驗一的「誘發表達測驗」（elicited production task）中，ASCH理論預測非賓格動詞因帶有較非作格動詞更為複雜的論元結構（argument structure），因而更容易造成失語法症病人（agrammatic aphasic patients）在表達上的困難，而此論點在本測驗結果中獲得支持。再者，在實驗二的「非賓格動詞與非作格動詞理解測驗」中，ALH理論預期失語法症病人將會有百分之五十以上的正確率（above-chance performance），根據本測驗中漢語失語症病人在此兩類句型理解皆有良好表現的結果來看，ALH理論獲得支持。最後，在同為實驗二的「四類句型理解測驗」中，TDH與ALH理論皆預期語序上的差異將使得主語關係句較賓語關係句更容易造成失語法症病人理解上的困難；然而，DDH理論則做出與之相反的假設。對此，根據本測驗中漢語失語症病人的表現結果，TDH與ALH理論皆獲得支持。

綜合本篇研究結果，筆者發現「論元結構的複雜性」（complexity of argument structures）以及「論旨角色語序之標準性」（canonicity of thematic role order）皆會對非流暢型失語法症病人（non-fluent agrammatic aphasic patients）在語句表達與理解上造成阻礙，進而影響其表現能力。

This thesis aims to investigate Mandarin Chinese-speaking aphasic patients’ elicited production and comprehension of monosyllabic unergatives (e.g. ku ‘cry’) and unaccusatives (e.g. dao ‘collapse’) in sentence contexts and their comprehension of the other four types of sentences, including actives, passives, subject relatives and object relatives. Furthermore, this thesis also attempts to evaluate the validity of the predictions of four linguistically based hypotheses on Mandarin aphasic patients’ comprehension and production of those sentence types we have scrutinized, including the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis (TDH), the Double Dependency Hypothesis (DDH), the Argument Linking Hypothesis (ALH), and the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis (ASCH).

For the elicited production task of unergative and unaccusative sentences (Experiment I), the findings support the ASCH which predicts that unaccusative verbs with a more complex argument structure are more difficult for agrammatic aphasic patients to produce than unergatives with a less complex argument structure. In addition, for the comprehension task of unergative and unaccusative sentences (Experiment II), the results that Mandarin aphasic patients performed relatively well on both sentence types confirm the prediction of the ALH that agrammatic aphasic patients will perform above-chance on the two types of sentences. Finally, for the comprehension task of four sentence types (Experiment II), both the TDH and the ALH predict that the word order discrepancy will make subject relative clauses more complicated and difficult to comprehend for Mandarin agrammatics than object relative clauses, but the DDH predicts the opposite pattern of selective deficits. The results from our Mandarin agrammatic aphasic patients’ selective comprehension deficits verify the predictions of the TDH and the ALH.

The findings of this study suggest that the complexity of argument structures (i.e. complex vs. simple) and the canonicity of thematic role order (i.e. canonical Agent-Theme order vs. non-canonical Theme-Agent order) will hinder appropriate processing at the level of production and comprehension for non-fluent agrammatic aphasic patients.

Chinese Abstract  i
English Abstract  ii
Acknowledgements    iii
Table of Contents    iv
List of Tables    vi
List of Figures    vii
List of Abbreviations    vii
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1.1 Getting Started    1
1.2 The Goals of the Study    4
1.3 Outline of the Study    4
Chapter 2 Syntactic Displacement and Thematic Role Reversal in Agrammatic Aphasics    6
2.1 Theoretical Background: the Unaccusative Hypothesis    6
2.2 An Orientation towards Four Linguistically Based Hypotheses    11
2.3    Asyntactic Thematic Role Assignment by Agrammatic Aphasics: the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis and the Double Dependency Hypothesis    12
2.4 Syntactic Displacement in Agrammatic Comprehension: the Argument Linking Hypothesis    20
2.5 Syntactic Complexity in Agrammatic Production: the Argument Structure Complexity Hypothesis    25
2.6 Interim Summary    29
Chapter 3 Predictions of the Hypotheses on Mandarin Aphasic Comprehension and Production    30
3.1 Predictions of the TDH, the DDH, and the ALH on Mandarin Aphasic Comprehension of Four Types of Sentences    30
3.2 Prediction of the TDH and the ALH on Mandarin Aphasic Comprehension of Unergative and Unaccusative Constructions    38
3.3 Prediction of the ASCH on Mandarin Aphasic Production of Unergative and Unaccusative Constructions    42
3.4 Interim Summary    42
Chapter 4 The Nature of Mandarin Aphasic Production and Comprehension    45
4.1 Experiment I: the Elicited Production Tasks    45
4.1.1 Methods    46
4.1.1.1 Subjects    46
4.1.1.2 Materials and Design    47
4.1.1.3 Procedure    48
4.1.2 Results and Discussion    49
4.2 Experiment II: the Comprehension Tasks    52
4.2.1 Methods    52
4.2.1.1 Subjects    52
4.2.1.2 Materials and Design    52
4.2.1.3 Procedure    57
4.2.2 Results and Discussion    58
4.2.2.1 Results of Unergative and Unaccusative Sentences    58
4.2.2.2 Results of Four Types of Sentences    59
Chapter 5 General Discussion: Analyses of Current Data    66
5.1 Analyses of Unergative and Unaccusative Sentences    66
5.1.1 Production of Unergative and Unaccusative Sentences    66
5.1.2 Comprehension of Unergative and Unaccusative Sentences    69
5.2 Analyses of Four Types of Sentences    72
5.3 The Production Deficit Model    76
Chapter 6 Conclusion    80
Bibliography    84
Appendices    90
Appendix A. Materials for Production Task (Experiment I)    90
Appendix B. Actual Utterances of Unaccusative Sentences by Aphasic Subjects    90
Appendix C. Materials for Comprehension Task (Experiment II)    95
Part I. Trials for unergative and unaccusative sentences    95
Part II. Trials for active sentences    97

                                

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