Functional Glycomics of Multi-fucosylated Extended Type 1 Chain: Regulated Expression of A Serum Mannose-Binding Protein Ligand in Colonic Adenocarcinomas

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研究生：	林祈宏 Chi-Hung Lin
論文名稱：	Functional Glycomics of Multi-fucosylated Extended Type 1 Chain: Regulated Expression of A Serum Mannose-Binding Protein Ligand in Colonic Adenocarcinomas 多重岩藻醣化之延伸性第一型醣鏈的功能性醣質體學
指導教授：	邱繼輝 Kay-Hooi Khoo 呂平江 Ping-Ching Lyu
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	生命科學暨醫學院 - 生物資訊與結構生物研究所 Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	96
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	107
中文關鍵詞：	醣質體學、質譜、醣蛋白質體學、醣轉移酵素
外文關鍵詞：	Glycomics, mass spectrometry, glycoproteomics, glycosyltransferase
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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Galβ1-4GlcNAc, known as LacNAc or type 2 chain, is an essential building block of protein N- and O-glycans as well as lacto-series glycosphinglipids (GSL). Further extension and/or branching of type 2 chain gives the polyLacNAc chains, which are carriers of glycotopes functionally implicated in many cellular communications including metastasis. Type 1 chain, Galβ1-3GlcNAc, on the other hand, is generally identified as terminal epitopes such as Lewis a (Lea) or sialyl Lewis a (sLea) and not further extended. One well-documented exception is the occurrence of multi-fucosylated extended type 1 chains in the form of Lea/b-Lea on GSL of Colo205. These rarely reported extended type 1 chains represent an analytical challenge for their unambiguous identification, as well as a target for functional glycomic studies. Using Colo205 as our experimental model system, concerted mass spectrometry (MS) techniques were first developed to enable facile discrimination of type 1 versus type 2 chain, which led to the identification of extended type 1 chains on N- and O-glycans of Colo205 and trimeric type 1 chain in either linear or branched form on GSL. With these analytical tools in place, the focus of this thesis work was turned to identify biosynthetic basis and functional implications.
A structural informative enzyme activity assay was established to study the kinetics and subcellular localization of endogenous β3GalT. To attribute the observed activity to one of many family members, a workflow of minimum biochemical enrichment steps was developed based on microsome/Golgi membrane preparation and one-step affinity column to allow proteomic identification of β3GalT5 as the major source of β3GalT activity in Colo205, consistent with previous mRNA transcript analysis. This proteomic approach was further applied to identify FucT3 and FucT6 as the fucosyltransferases for Lewis antigen biosynthesis in Colo205.
To ascertain if the expression level of β3GalT5 actually correlates with that of extended type 1 chain, comparative glycomic analysis across colonic cancer cell lines known to express multi-fucosylated extended type 1 chain and/or binding to MBP were undertaken. Both mRNA expression profiling and activity assays demonstrated that the expression levels and activities of β3GalT5 varied greatly in these three cell lines, which correlated positively with the ease in identifying extended type 1 chain on their GSL by glycomic sequencing. Synthesis of extended type 1 chain was shown to be induced by transfection and over-expression of β3GalT5 in DLD-1, which otherwise does not carry this structure on its GSL. These results led to a proposed model that elevated β3GalT5 activity is sufficient to induce biosynthesis of extended type 1 chain on GSLs without necessarily evoking a specific β3GnT.
Extending the comparative glycomic analysis to the glycoproteins, extended type 1 chain was shown to be present on DLD-1 only after β3GalT5 transfection. Sequential enrichment by amine column and mAb affinity would improve the detection limits for low abundant glycan chains but only through a targeted approach using endo-β-galacosidase could extended type 1 chain fragments be released for direct detection. MBP affinity was shown to enrich large complex type N-glycans from Colo205 and DLD3GT5 but not DLD-1, thereby consistent with previous identification of multi-fucosylated extended type 1 chain as MBP ligand. Further glycomic mapping of N-glycans released from MBP bound glycoproteins and glycopeptides suggested that multimeric Lea is required for MBP binding but not necessary in linear form. Based on proteomic analysis, several glycoproteins bearing MBP ligands including CD98, were identified.

Chapter One Introduction    1
1 Multifucosylated extended type 1 chain    1
1.1 Aberrant Glycosylation in Cancers    1
1.2 Extended type 1 chain as tumor associated antigen on GSL of Colo205    2
1.3 Functional implications of extended type 1 chain in MBP binding    5
2 Functional Glycomics    6
2.1 Glycomics, glycoproteomics, and functional glycomics    6
2.2 Conventional methods for glycan analysis    10
2.3 MS-based glycomics    12
2.4 MS sequencing of extended type 1 chain    17
3 Biosynthesis regulation of extended type 1 chain    20
3.1 Glycan chains are synthesized through sequential actions of glycosyltransferase    20
3.2 Glycosyltransferases required for biosynthesis of multifucosylated extended type 1 chain    20
3.3 Activity assays for glycosyltransferases    22
3.4 Biochemical studies of glycosyltransferase    22
3.5 Cloning of glycosyltransferases    24
3.6 Both studies of gene and protein level expression are important to fully understand the regulation of glycosylatransferases    25
3.7 Proteomics and subcellular proteomics are not enough to identify targeted glycosyltransferases    25
4 Specific Aims    27
Chapter Two Materials and Methods    29
1 Cell culture and β3GalT5 transfection    29
2 Glycosyltransferase activity assay    30
3 Enzyme kinetic studies    30
4 Subcellular fractionation and preparation of microsome/Golgi membrane    31
5 Extraction of glycosyltransferases and UDP/GDP affinity chromatography    31
6 SDS-PAGE and in-gel digestion    32
7 LC-MS/MS and protein ID    33
8 Quantification of glycosyltransferases transcripts    34
9 Extraction of glycosphingolipids and HPTLC immunostaining analsyis    34
10 Glycan release from GSLs and enzymatic treatment    35
11 MS and MS/MS analysis    36
12 Protein extraction    36
13 Release of glycans from glycoproteins    37
14 Enzymatic digestion and fractionations    37
15 MBP affinity chromatography    38
Chapter Three Results    39
1 Development of MS-related methods for the analysis of type 1 chain    39
1.1 MS/MS fragmentation pattern of glycan standards    39
1.2 Identification of trimeric type 1 chain on GSLs    40
2 Enhanced expression of β3GalT5 is sufficient to induce extended type 1 chain on the GSLs, as revealed by comparative glycomics    43
2.1 Different expression levels of β3GnTs and β3GalT5 transcripts and relative β3GalT/β4GalT activities    43
2.2 Glycomic mapping of the expressed lacto-series GSLs    44
2.3 Identification of extended type 1 chains by MALDI-MS/MS    45
2.4 In vivo UDP-Gal concentration as kinetic control of β3GalT activity    53
2.5 β3GalT activity takes advantage of subcellular localization to compete with β4GalT activity    55
3 Implicated functions of extended type 1 chain in MBP binding    58
3.1 Fractionation and identification of extended type 1 chain on N-glycans of Colo205    58
3.2 ID of extended type 1 chains on the N-glycans of DLD3GT5-1 but not DLD1 by MS/MS  analysis of the fragments released by endo-β-galactosidase    61
3.3 MBP affinity could selectively enrich large complex type N-glycans from Colo205 and DLD3GT5-1 but not DLD-1    62
3.4 Glycomic mapping of N-glycan chains released from Colo205 TX-100 extraction    66
3.5 Glycomic mapping of N-glycan chains released from MBP bound glycoproteins and glycopeptides    70
3.6 Glycoproteomic identification of MBP binding glycoproteins    74
4 Proteomic approaches to identify endogenous glycosyltransferases    77
4.1 PA-sugar based functional assay that affords detailed structural information    77
4.2 Proteomic identification of β3GalT5    78
4.3 FucT3 and FucT6 are responsible for synthesis of (s)Lea and (s)Lex in Colo205    81
4.4 OFUT as an ER resident fucosyltransferases    82
Chapter Four Discussion    91
1 Application of MS techniques to identify multifucosylated extended type 1 chain    91
2 β3GalT5 expression and synthesis of extended type 1 chain in GSLs    93
3 Regulatory model of extended type 1 chain    94
4 In vivo regulation of β3GalT5 activity    95
5 Functional implication of extended type 1 chains    96
6 Glycoproteomics of MBP    98
7 Proteomic identification of glycosyltransferases    99
8 Concluding Remarks    100
References    102

                                

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