本文的提問是：相較於歐美新上市的車款皆已經將6-8顆安全輔助氣囊（airbag）加上車身穩定系統（Electronic Stability Control, ESC）列為「標準配備」，為什麼台灣的國產車卻僅有2顆安全輔助氣囊作為標配？我們應該如何理解8:2或7:2，又或者6:2落差？換個方式來說，為什麼歐美會發展出6-8的標準，而台灣則呈現2的標準？從市場的角度來看，6-8或2這些數字之間，各有什麼值得探究的意涵？
其次，消費者如果希望達到與歐美相同的安全標準，則必須以加（高）價購買或選購高階車款的方式才能獲得，為什麼用來保護生命的安全技術，會呈現這種訴諸於個人能力與偏好的個人化市場模式，由一種特定的經濟理性、市場邏輯來解決生命安全的道德問題？
針對提問，本文分別從台灣的安全氣囊零組件產業、車輛安全法規以及長期存在台灣社會的淨車文化作為回應提問的線索。第三章以「代工政治」的概念解釋為什麼台灣具備完整的安全氣囊產業供應鏈，且已被外國車廠認可，但卻不被國產車廠所採用。第四章以「汽車安全體制」（Vehicle Safety Regime, VSR）為分析架構，指出車輛安全法規的法源選擇與法規導入皆具有扶持產業發展、制衡外國母廠的意圖。接著，比較歐美與台灣的「汽車安全體制」的異同，指出缺少NCAP的環節，因此無法打造汽車安全技術集體需求的市場模式。而台灣缺乏NCAP制度則與代工產業有緊密關係。第五章接續「汽車安全體制」的分析架構，考察台灣社會的汽車安全觀念以及汽車安全帶立法過程，及交通主管機關、車廠對於車輛安全法規精神的詮釋，指出官員與車廠具有個人自負其責、價格機制、市場供需的思維，再對比淨車文化中所體現的「神人分工」和「對等交換」等原則，勾繪出「台灣汽車安全體制」的運作特徵。
總結來說，經過三個核心章節的論證，無論在歐美或是台灣，用來保護生命安全的汽車安全技術，都是透過市場機制來回應技術的使用與需求的問題，但是，在不同汽車安全體制的運作之下，體現出不同的市場模式，也就形成了不一樣的結果：無差別的集體需求與供給，或是訴諸個人化的市場供需。前者以創造一個維護消費者安全的市場環境（creating a market for safety）為本，消費者透過公開透明的資訊做出消費判斷，進而創造出市場標準，以達到集體安全的目標。後者在汽車安全技術的態度上，流露出商品導向、利潤導向、成本、供需考量的「安全技術市場」特質（making a market of safety），安全要以加價購的方式，才能買得到相對完整的汽車安全技術。

Abstract

The puzzle of my research is as follows: comparing the same vehicle model in Europe and the United States, where 6 to 8 airbags and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) were set as standard equipment, why were there only 2 airbags in Taiwan? How to explain the meaning of the gap between 8 to 2, or 7 to 2 ,or 6 to 2? In other words, why the basic safety standard of vehicle was so different in Europe, the United States and Taiwan? From the perspective of market, what do those numbers imply?
Second, consumers in Taiwan have to pay extra for more airbags or buy the top-class vehicle if they want to get the same safety standard as in Europe or America. Why is the safety technology used to protect lives, presented as individual appeal and preference, a specific economic rationality, and the logic of the market to solve the moral problem of life safety?
This study focuses on the airbag industry, the vehicle safety regulations and the culture of car purifying (jing che in Taiwanese) in Taiwan to answer the questions above. In CH3, I use the concept of “the Politics of outsourcing” to explain why domestic car firms don’t purchase airbags designed and made in Taiwan, even though Taiwan owns a complete airbag industry chain. In CH4, taking” Vehicle Safety Regime”(VSR) as an analytical framework, I describe that from selecting the juridical sources to adopting the vehicle safety regulation, the hidden intention of Taiwan government is try to support and develop domestic automotive industry while simultaneously balance the control from foreign automotive firms.
Then, comparing the VSR in Europe, America and Taiwan, my study points out that due to the lack of NCAP, which is closely related to the subcontracting industry in Taiwan, a market of collective demand model of vehicle safety technology could not be built. In Ch5, continuing the framework of VSR, there are three topics figuring out the characteristic of VSR in Taiwan. First, I survey the concept of vehicle safety in Taiwan; second, the process of legislation of seat belt, including the interpretation of the spirit of vehicle safety regulation by transportation officials and auto firms; and third, comparing them with the principle of “Division of labor between humans and God”, and “Fair Exchange” in the car purification culture. All of them present similar concepts: each one should take responsibility for himself, price mechanism, and the model of supply and demand.
In sum, from CH3 to CH5, I argue that whatever in Europe, the Unite States, or Taiwan, automotive safety technology, which designed to protect lives, is to face the supply and demand issue by market mechanism. In different Vehicle Safety Regime, however, different market model was applied and thus resulted differently: equal and collective demands and supply, or personal needs, with the former aiming at creating a market for safety by offering transparent information for consumers, while the latter showing commodity and profit orientation by making a market of safety, emphasizing additional price paid for a relatively comprehensive automotive safety technology.

參考書目

王振寰，2010，《追趕的極限：台灣的經濟轉型與創新》。台北：巨流。
王敏玲，1993.12〈保證100%的安全？透視汽車「安全氣囊」〉，《消費者報導》，152期，頁41-46。
王敬承，1989，《諍言集》。出版不詳。
吳泉源、林宗德，1999，從網球拍到半導體-台灣產業技術特質探討。國立科學工藝博物館「台灣產業技術發展史研究學術研討會論文集」。高雄：國立科學工藝博物館。頁50-100。
吳泉源，2004，〈產業研究的下一步：評瞿宛文、安士敦：超越後進發展：臺灣的產業升級策略〉，《台灣社會學刊》，第32期，頁223-228。
吳德民，2008，《台灣車輛安全法規之調和與分析研究》，台北：台北科技大學車輛工程系碩士論文。
周添城、林志誠，《台灣中小企業的發展機制》。台北：聯經。
和泰汽車股份有限公司公關課編製，1998，《和泰汽車五十年史》。臺北市：和泰汽車股份有限公司公關課。
林世宗，1989，〈汽車，購車權益知多少？〉，《消費者報導》，第103期，頁6-9。台北：消基會。
邵錦文，1991，《消費者報導》，第124期，頁63-65
段承璞，1992，《台灣戰後經濟》。台北：人間。
洪懿妍，2003，《創新引擎：工研院: 臺灣產業成功的推手》。臺北市：天下雜誌。
高根英幸著，黃郁婷譯，2011，《汽車最新高科技》。台中，晨星出版。
張芸華，2012，《整車自主研發新產品開發核心能耐建構之研究－以A公司為例》，政大科管所碩士論文。
張家銘、吳政財，1997，〈奇蹟與幻象：台灣汽車產業的發展經驗〉，《東吳社會學報》，第六期，頁1-44。
張國暉，2003，〈當核能系統轉化為科技政體：冷戰下的國際政治與核能發展〉，《科技、醫療與社會》，第16期，頁103-160。
陳介玄，1994，《協力網絡與生活結構：台灣中小企業的社會經濟分析》。台北：聯經。
———1998，《台灣產業的社會學研究》。台北：聯經。
陳良治，2012，〈國家與公共研究機構在產業技術升級過程中的角色及演化：台灣工具機業〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》, 24(1), 19-50.
陳琮淵、王振寰，2009，〈台灣的生技製藥產業：發展、創新與限制〉，《台灣社會季刊》，43：159-208。
彭芃萱，2011，《奮進的力量：台灣車輛產業開疆闢土20年實戰故事》，台北：商周。
黃崇憲，2004，〈利維坦的生成與傾頹：台灣國家研究範例的批判性回顧〉，收錄在謝國雄編，2004《群學爭鳴：台灣社會學發展史 1945-2005》。台北：群學。
楊弘任，2012，〈關鍵字：技術物的政治性〉。收錄於王文基等編《意外多重奏：STS如何重組真相》。台北：群學。
楊淑娟，2008，〈國內車輛安全審驗發展歷程與成果〉，《車輛研測資訊》，第62期，頁11-19。彰化：車輛測試研究中心。
赫曼西蒙（Hermann Simon），張非冰等譯，2009，《隱形冠軍》。台北：天下。
劉仁傑、陳國民，2014，《世界工廠大移轉》。大寫出版。
歐陽莉，1991.5，〈除了方便，你還買到什麼？汽車安全配備調查〉，《消費者報導》，第121期，頁26-30。
蔡文馨、徐尹戈，2011，〈車輛安全科技總體檢〉，《超越車訊》，第185期，頁264-281。台北：超越文化。
鄭志鵬，2008，〈市場政治：中國出口導向製鞋產業的歷史形構與轉變〉，《台灣社會學》，第15期，頁109-163。
———2011，〈攘外必先安內：產業公會與台灣鞋業治理結構形成的歷史分析〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第23卷第1期，頁15-60。
鄭陸霖，2006，〈幻象之後：台灣汽車產業發展經驗與「跨界產業場域」理論〉，《台灣社會學》，11：111-174。
賴鼎元，2009，〈談台灣的汽車消費者權益〉，《消費者保護研究》，第14期，頁337-358。台北：行政院消費者保護會。
謝昇蓉，2005，〈我國車輛安全法規現況與發展〉，《車輛研測資訊》，第46期，頁7-16。彰化：車輛測試研究中心。
謝國雄，1997，〈隱形工廠：台灣的外包點與家庭代工〉。收錄於謝國雄《純勞動：台灣勞動體制諸論》。南港：中研院社會所。
———2003，《茶鄉社會誌》。台北：南港。
瞿宛文，2004，〈代工、品牌與產業升級〉。南港：中央研究院 working paper
瞿宛文、安士敦，2003，《超越後進發展 : 台灣的產業升級策略》。臺北市：聯經。
顏錫銘，1984，《台灣區汽車零組件工業發展策略研究-成立汽車及零組件測試研究中心之探討》。新竹，工業技術研究院工業經濟研究中心。
蘇元良，2005，《嗥嗥蒼狼：開拓台灣電子業新版圖》。台北：財訊。

報刊：
1972-06-06/聯合報/02版
1984-08-15/經濟日報/10版
1986-08-23/經濟日報/10版
1988.06.09/經濟日報/16版
1989-08-25/經濟日報/19版/地方商業(基隆~台北~苗栗)、
1991-06-21/經濟日報/21版/專輯、
1992-09-04/經濟日報/01版/要聞
1992-11-19/聯合報/01版/要聞
1993-06-17/經濟日報/34版/工商服務、
1993-09-01/經濟日報/12版/企業產銷-1
1993-11-04/聯合報/19版/經濟新聞
1994-08-11/聯合晚報/19版/消費廣場 愛車族、
1996-04-02/經濟日報/29版
1996-05-27/經濟日報/32版/車輛
1996-10-26/聯合晚報/07版/綜合新聞
1996-11-28/聯合晚報/06版/生活新聞
1999-09-14/聯合報/19版/桃園綜合新聞
2001-04-20/經濟日報/34版/商情資訊、
2001-04-27/經濟日報/71版/汽車雜誌專刊、
2002-03-22/經濟日報/38版/商情資訊、
2003-04-21/經濟日報/34版/汽車天地
2005-06-13/經濟日報/C6版/傳統綜合
2005-08-29/聯合報/C4版/汽車新訊；汽車日報
2012-09-13/聯合報/B1版/大高雄‧運動

科專計畫成果報告
中科院，1995，《車輛安全輔助系統科專研發計劃》。桃園：中科院。
中科院，1999，《車輛安全輔助系統技術與零組件研發二年計畫》。桃園：中科院。
中科院，1999，《台灣汽車安全輔助系統（SRS）產業策略聯盟》。桃園：中科院。
中科院，2005，《汽車安全氣囊系統裝置研發計劃》。桃園：中科院。
中科院，2006，《先進安全車輛系統整合平臺技術研發三年計畫》。桃園，中科院。

法規：
交通部，《車輛型式安全審驗管理辦法》。
財團法人車輛安全審驗中心，《車輛安全檢測基準》。

Albaum, Martin, 2005, Safety Sells: Market Forces and Regulation in the Development of Airbags. VA: IIHS
Amsden, Alice, 1989, Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Amsden, Alice, and Wan-Wen Chu, 2003, Beyond Late Development: Taiwan’s Upgrading Policies. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Block, Fred, 1990, Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse. University of California Press.中譯本，鄭陸霖、吳泉源校譯，2004，《後工業機會：一個批判性的經濟社會學論述》。台北：群學。
Breznitz, Dan, 2007, Innovation and the State: Political Choice and Strategies for Growth in Israel, Taiwan, and Ireland.Yale University Press.
Castells, Manuel, 1977, The urban question : a Marxist approach. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press.
Crossley, Robert P., 1966, “Which way to safety?” Motor Trend, April, 66-69.
Cunningham. Edward., Lynch. Teresa, Thun. Eric, 2005, “A Tale of Two Sectors: Diverging Paths in Taiwan’s Automotive Industry.” Pp. 97-136 In Lester, Richard K., and Berger, Suzanne, eds. 2005, Global Taiwan: Building Competitive Strengths in a New International Economy. Routledge
Skocpol, Theda, ed., 1985, Bring the State Back In. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Douglas, Mary, 1966, Purity and Danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
Evans, Peter B., 1995, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fallows, James, 1999, “The American Army and the M-16 rifle” in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman ed., 1999, The Social Shaping of Technology.Second edition.Open University Press.
Fligstein, Neil, 1996, “Market as Politics: A Political-Cultural Approach to Market Institutions”. In American Sociological Review.Vol. 61.No.4 Pp.656-673.
———2001. The Architecture of Markets: An Economic Sociology of Twenty-First-Century Capitalist Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Fuller, Douglas B., 2005,.“Moving Along the Electronics Value Chain”. Pp.137-165. In In Lester, Richard K., and Berger, Suzanne, eds., 2005 Global Taiwan: Building Competitive Strengths in a New International Economy. Routledge
Healy, Kieran, 2004, “Sacred Market and Secular Ritual in the Organ Transplant Industry” in Dobbin. Frank, ed.,The Sociology of the Economy.Russell Sage Foundation.
Hecht, Gabrielle, 1998, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II.The MIT Press.
Hershman. Lawrence L., 2000, “THE U.S. NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NCAP): PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE”. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration United States Paper Number 390
Hobbs. C. Adrian. And McDonough, 1998, “Development of the European New Car Assessment Programme(EURO NCAP)”. Paper Number 98-S11-O-06. Transport Research Laboratory. UK.
Houston, David J., and Richardson Jr, Lilliard E., 2000, “The Politics of Air Bag Safety: A Competition Among Problem Definitions.” Policy Studies Journal.Vol 28, no3, 485-501.
Johnson, Chalmers, 1982, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975.Standard University Press.
Lemov, Michael R., 2011,People's Warrior: John Moss and the Fight for Freedom of Information and Consumer Rights‬,Rowman& Littlefield.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
———2015, Car Safety Wars: One Hundred Years of Technology, Politics, and Death. Fairleigh Dickinson University.
MacGregor. David, 2009, “The Safety Race: Transitions to theFourth Age of the Automobile.”In McLaren. Arlene TigaredsCar Troubles: Critical Studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility. Routledge
MacLennan, Carol A., 1988,” From Accident to Crash: The Auto Industry and Politics of Injury.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 2, No.3, Health and Industry, 233-250
Nader, Ralph., 1965, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Design-In Dangers of the American Automobile. New York: Pocket Books.
NCAP, 2005,” Creating a Market For Safety-10 Years of EURO NCAP.” NCAP
Nakagawa.Junji. 2011, International Harmonization of Economic Regulation,Oxford: Oxford University Press
Noble, David F.,1999, “Social choice in machine design: the case of automatically controlled machine tools” in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman ed., 1999 The Social Shaping of Technology. Second edition.Open University Press.
O’Riain, Sean, 2000, “The Flexible Development State: Globalization, Information Technology, and the “Celtic Tiger.” “Politics and Society, 28(2),157-193.
———2004, The Politics of High-tech Growth: Developmental Network States in the Global Economy.New York: Cambridge University Press
Oudshoorn, and Pinch, 2003, How Users Matter: The Co-Construction of Users and Technology. The MIT Press.
Plunkett, Jack W., 2005. Plunkett’s Automobile Industry Almanac. Texas: Plunkett Research, Ltd.
Polanyi, Karl. 〔1945〕1957,The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press
Reppy, Judith, 1984, “The Automobile Air Bag.” Pp. 161-174 in Nelkin, Dorothy, eds., Controversy: Politics of Technical Decisions. London: Sage Publications.
U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬. 1985. National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966: Legislative History Volume 1.
Volti, Rudi, 2004, Cars and Culture: The Life Story of a Technology.The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wade, Robert, 1990, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Weiss, L., and Hobson, J., 1995, State and Economic Development. Cambridge: Polity.
Wetmore, Jameson M., 2004. “Redefining Risks and Redistributing Responsibilities: Building Networks to Increase Automobile Safety.” Science Technology Human Values 29:377-405
———2009. “Implementing restraint: Automobile safety and the US debate over technological and social fixes” 111-125 in McLaren, Arlene Tigar,edsCar Troubles: Critical Studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility. Routledge
Winner, L., 1986, “DO ARTIFACTS HAVE POLITICS? “inThe whale and the reactor: a search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 19-39.
Zelizer, Viviana, 1978. “Human Values and the Market: The Case of Life Insurance and Death in 19th Century America.” reprinted in Zelizer, Viviana, 2010, Economic Lives. p. 19-39. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———〔1979〕1983. Morals and Markets.The Development of Life Insurance in the United States.Transaction Publishers
———1988” Culture and Consumption” in Neil J. Smelser& Richard Swedberg edit. 2005. The Handbook of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press
ZulhaidiMohdJawi, Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim, and Ahmad Farhan Sadullah, 2013, “ASEAN NCAP–The Best Bet for Vehicle Safety in the Region’s Safe System?” in International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, No. 6, December