摘要

一般學界公認涂爾幹的社會學與康德哲學之間有極為深厚的關聯：涂爾幹批判性地繼承了康德哲學。本篇論文將說明涂爾幹的道德社會學以及道德科學如何能夠批判性的發展康德道德哲學中的定言令式，進而說明涂爾幹的道德社會學以及道德科學如何成立。除此之外，本篇論文還會探討康德的定言令式如何能在涂爾幹的道德科學中被援引當作一般大眾檢驗道德規則的理性工具。
首先，本篇論文將說明康德道德哲學中的定言令式是什麼，並且指出涂爾幹對於康德道德哲學的批判。接下來則會探討涂爾幹的道德社會學如何以不同於康德的方式解釋道德規則，此種對於道德規則的說法可以避免康德道德哲學所遇到的極限。涂爾幹的道德社會學奠基在他的人性二元論之上，藉由人性二元論，涂爾幹將說明人無法自己訂定自己要遵守的法則，只能遵守來自社會的道德規則。最後，本篇論文將討論道德規則的正當性，並且說明道德學家與一般大眾在面對道德規則時所扮演的不同角色。我們將會看到，康德的定言令式可以讓個人恰當的行使自己的反思能力。
筆者認為涂爾幹以一種社會學方式說明道德規則如何在經驗世界中產生並且被人們遵守。此外，涂爾幹批判性地承接了康德的定言令式，讓定言令式不再只是處於經驗世界之外的理性提出來的普遍法則，而是可以在現實世界中實現的道德規則。

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第九期