簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 慶道冲
Ching, Tao-Chung
論文名稱： 磁力與動力在恆星形成區中的交互作用：從10光年尺度分子雲到0.1光年尺度原恆星核
Interaction of Magnetic Fields and Kinematics in Star-forming Regions from Parsec-scale Filaments to Thousand-AU-scale Cores
指導教授： 賴詩萍
Lai, Shih-Ping
口試委員: 李景輝
張其洲
Zhang, Qizhou
Josep M. Girart
Ramprasad Rao
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 天文研究所
Institute of Astronomy
論文出版年： 2017
畢業學年度： 105
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 97
中文關鍵詞： 恆星形成 、磁場 、分子雲 、次毫米波
外文關鍵詞： Star formation, Magnetic field, Molecular clouds, Submillimeter
相關次數： 點閱：3  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 恆星形成發生於分子雲內高密度的區域,而磁場與擾流是分子雲內抵抗重力塌縮 最主要的兩種機制。 近年的觀測結果顯示恆星形成的過程分成兩個階段:分子雲 首先由擾流擠壓成10光年尺度的絲狀結構,被重力束縛的絲狀結構再進一步塌縮 而分裂成0.1光年尺度的原恆星核。恆星形成的理論和模擬顯示磁場與擾流在絲狀 結構與原恆星核的形成過程中都扮演重要的角色。此篇論文的目標即是經由三個 次毫米波陣列望遠鏡的觀測來驗證磁場與擾流在絲狀結構與原恆星核內的交互作 用: (1)恆星形成區NGC1333 IRAS 4A內一氧化碳譜線的偏極化觀測與星際塵埃的 偏極化觀測找尋原恆星噴流內的螺旋狀磁場結構,(2)DR21絲狀分子雲內原恆星核 的偏極化觀測以測量絲狀結構與原恆星核內的磁場結構,(3)DR21絲狀分子雲的分 子譜線觀測以測量絲狀結構與原恆星核內的動力學結構。 觀測結果顯示絲狀結構 與原恆星核的長軸不是平行就是垂直於絲狀結構內磁場的方向,代表了10光年尺 度的磁場方向對絲狀結構與原恆星核的行程都有決定性的影響。然而由於重力位 能在原恆星核內轉換成塌縮,旋轉,噴流等動能,這種不是平行就是垂直的相關 性消失於0.1光年的尺度。此論文顯示磁場對10光年尺度的絲狀結構的形成有決定 性的影響,而由重力轉換而來的動能則決定了原恆星核的形成。因此,磁力與動 力的交互作用在從絲狀結構到原恆星核的演化過程中扮演了重要的角色。

    Star formation takes place in the high-density regions of molecular clouds where magnetic fields and turbulence are the two main mechanism support- ing molecular clouds against self-gravity. Recent observations of molecular clouds reveal a two-step scenario of star formation that supersonic flows first compress clouds into parsec-scale filaments, and then gravitational bound filaments collapse and fragment into 0.1 pc star-forming cores. Star formation theory and simulation suggest that magnetic fields and turbulence are both important to form the filaments and cores in molecular clouds. The aim of this thesis is to provide an evidence of the interaction between magnetic fields and turbulence in molecular clouds with SMA observations of (1) the CO J = 3–2 polarization and dust polarization observations in NGC 1333 IRAS 4A to reveal a helical structure of magnetic fields in the protostellar outflows at few thousand AU scales, (2) dust polarization observations in six star-forming cores of DR21 filament to investigate the role of magnetic fields during the evolution from filament to cores, and (3) molecular line observations in the six cores to study the interaction between magnetic fields and gas dynamics in the DR21 filament. The observations show that the cores appear to be either-parallel-or-perpendicular to the magnetic fields of filaments, indicating that the parsec-scale magnetic fields play an important role in the formation of cores. However, the alignment break at scales below thousand AU scales, which would be caused by the transformation of gravitational energy to kinematic energy through the process of infall, rotation, or outflow of the cores. Overall, this thesis suggests that magnetic fields are important in regulating the structures of collapsing filaments, and the kinematics arising from gravitational collapse are important in star-forming cores. Therefore, the interaction between magnetic fields and kinematics during the evolution from filament to cores is important in regulating the filaments at few parsec scales and regulating the cores at thousand AU scales.

    1 Introduction 1 1.1 Magnetic Fields and Turbulence in Star formation: Scientific Back- ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Magnetic Fields and Turbulence in Star formation: Observations . . . 3 2 Helical Magnetic Fields in the NGC1333 IRAS 4A Protostellar Out- flows 6 2.1 Introduction................................ 6 2.2 ObservationsandDataReduction.................... 8 2.3 Results................................... 11 2.3.1 COStokesIEmission ...................... 11 2.3.2 COandDustPolarization .................... 14 2.3.3 C17Oemission........................... 16 2.4 Discussion................................. 18 2.4.1 Driving Mechanism of the IRAS 4A CO Outflows . . . . . . . 18 2.4.2 IRAS4AMolecularOutflows .................. 19 2.4.3 COPolarization.......................... 20 2.4.4 MagneticFieldsinIRAS4AOutflows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.5 BendoftheRed-shiftedOutflow................. 26 2.4.6 IRAS 4A Binary System and Two Bipolar Outflows . . . . . . 27 2.5 Conclusions ................................ 29 3 Magnetic fields in the massive dense cores of DR21 filament: weakly magnetized cores in a strongly magnetized filament 31 3.1 Introduction................................ 32 3.2 ObservationsandDataReduction.................... 33 3.3 Results................................... 36 3.3.1 JCMTandSMApolarizationmaps............... 36 3.3.2 Combined JCMT and SMA 880 μm continuum maps . . . . . 38 3.3.3 Masses,Densities,andSizesoftheCores . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.3.4 Large-scale and Small-scale Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4 AnalysisandDiscussion ......................... 44 3.4.1 OrientationsofCoresandMagneticFields . . . .44 3.4.2 DerivationoftheMagneticFieldStrength . . . .45 3.4.3 Turbulent, Magnetic, and Gravitational Energies. . . . . . . 51 3.5 Conclusions ................................ 57 4 Interactions of gas dynamics and magnetic fields in the massive dense cores of DR21 filament 59 4.1 Introduction................................ 60 4.2 ObservationsandDataReduction.................... 63 4.3 Results................................... 66 4.3.1 Dense Core Tracers: CH3 OH, SO, H13 CN, and H13 CO+ . . . . 68 4.3.2 Outflow Tracers: CO and SiO .................. 72 4.4 Analysis.................................. 74 4.4.1 Alignment between Magnetic Fields and Velocity Fields . . . . 74 4.4.2 DerivationoftheMagneticFieldstrength . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.5 Discussion................................. 81 4.5.1 Velocity Dispersion and Quasi-static Cores . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.5.2 Angular Momentum and Rotation of the Massive Dense Cores 82 4.5.3 CommentsonIndividualSources ................ 83 4.6 Conclusions ................................ 84 5 Summary...............86

    Andr ́e, P., Di Francesco, J., Ward-Thompson, D., et al. 2014, Protostars and Planets VI, 27
    Arce, H. G., & Goodman, A. A. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 575, 928
    Argon, A. L., Reid, M. J., & Menten, K. M. 2000, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 129, 159
    Attard, M., Houde, M., Novak, G., et al. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 702, 1584
    Basu, S., Ciolek, G. E., Dapp, W. B., & Wurster, J. 2009, New Astronomy, 14, 483
    Bate, M. R., Bonnell, I. A., & Bromm, V. 2002, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 336, 705
    Beuther, H., Schilke, P., Gueth, F., et al. 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 387, 931
    Beuther, H., Vlemmings, W. H. T., Rao, R., & van der Tak, F. F. S. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 724, L113
    Blake, G. A., Sandell, G., van Dishoeck, E. F., et al. 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 441, 689
    Blandford, R. D., & Payne, D. G. 1982, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 199, 883
    Bonnell, I. A., Bate, M. R., Clarke, C. J., & Pringle, J. E. 2001, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 323, 785
    Bonnell, I. A., & Bate, M. R. 2006, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 370, 488
    Bontemps, S., Motte, F., Csengeri, T., & Schneider, N. 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 524, A18
    Braz, M. A., & Epchtein, N. 1983, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series (ISSN 0365-0138), 54, 167
    Carolan, P. B., Redman, M. P., Keto, E., & Rawlings, J. M. C. 2008, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 383, 705
    Carrasco-Gonz ́alez, C., Rodr ́ıguez, L. F., Anglada, G., et al. 2010, Science, 330, 1209 Cassen, P., & Moosman, A. 1981, Icarus, 48, 353
    Chandrasekhar, S., & Fermi, E. 1953, The Astrophysical Journal, 118, 113
    Chen, C.-Y., & Ostriker, E. C. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 785, 69
    Chen, C.-Y., King, P. K., & Li, Z.-Y. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal, 829, 84
    Chen, H.-R., Liu, S.-Y., Su, Y.-N., & Wang, M.-Y. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 743, 196
    Chen, X., Arce, H. G., Zhang, Q., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 768, 110
    Churchwell, E., Babler, B. L., Meade, M. R., et al. 2009, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Pacific, 121, 213
    Choi, M., Hodapp, K. W., Hayashi, M., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 646, 1050 Choi, M., Tatematsu, K., & Kang, M. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 723, L34 Choi, M., Kang, M., & Tatematsu, K. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 728, L34 Choi, M. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 553, 219
    —. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 630, 976
    Cortes, P., & Crutcher, R. M. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 639, 965
    Cortes, P. C., Crutcher, R. M., & Watson, W. D. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 628, 780
    Cortes, P. C., Crutcher, R. M., & Matthews, B. C. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 650, 246
    Cortes, P. C., Crutcher, R. M., Shepherd, D. S., & Bronfman, L. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 676, 464
    Cortes, P. C., Girart, J. M., Hull, C. L. H., et al. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 825, L15
    Cox, E. G., Harris, R. J., Looney, L. W., et al. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 814, L28
    Crutcher, R. M., Troland, T. H., Lazareff, B., Paubert, G., & Kaz`es, I. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 514, L121
    Crutcher, R. M., Wandelt, B., Heiles, C., Falgarone, E., & Troland, T. H. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 725, 466
    Crutcher, R. M. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 520, 706
    Crutcher, R. M. 2004, Astrophysics and Space Science, 292, 225
    Crutcher, R. M. 2012, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 50, 29
    Csengeri, T., Bontemps, S., Schneider, N., Motte, F., & Dib, S. 2011a, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 527, A135
    Csengeri, T., Bontemps, S., Schneider, N., et al. 2011b, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 740, L5
    Davis, C. J., Kumar, M. S. N., Sandell, G., et al. 2007, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 374, 29
    Deguchi, S., & Watson, W. D. 1984, Astrophysical Journal, 285, 126
    Di Francesco, J., Johnstone, D., Kirk, H., MacKenzie, T., & Ledwosinska, E. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 175, 277
    Di Francesco, J., Myers, P. C., Wilner, D. J., Ohashi, N., & Mardones, D. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 562, 770
    Dib, S., Kim, J., Vazquez-Semadeni, E., Burkert, A., & Shadmehri, M. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 661, 262
    Dotson, J. L., Vaillancourt, J. E., Kirby, L., et al. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 186, 406 Downes, D., & Rinehart, R. 1966, Astrophysical Journal, 144, 937
    Duarte-Cabral, A., Bontemps, S., Motte, F., et al. 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 558, A125
    Duarte-Cabral, A., Bontemps, S., Motte, F., et al. 2014, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 570, A1
    Duffin, D. F., & Pudritz, R. E. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 706, L46
    Falgarone, E., Troland, T. H., Crutcher, R. M., & Paubert, G. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 487, 247
    Fallscheer, C., Beuther, H., Zhang, Q., Keto, E., & Sridharan, T. K. 2009, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 504, 127
    Fendt, C., & Zinnecker, H. 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 334, 750
    Fendt, C., Camenzind, M., & Appl, S. 1995, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 300, 791
    Fiedler, R. A., & Mouschovias, T. C. 1993, Astrophysical Journal v.415, 415, 680
    Fiege, J. D., & Pudritz, R. E. 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 311, 85
    Fontani, F., Palau, A., Caselli, P., et al. 2011, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 529, L7
    Froebrich, D., & Rowles, J. 2010, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 406, 1350
    Forbrich, J., Wiesemeyer, H., Thum, C., Belloche, A., & Menten, K. M. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 492, 757
    Frank, A., Ray, T. P., Cabrit, S., et al. 2014, Protostars and Planets VI, 451
    Frau, P., Galli, D., & Girart, J. M. 2011, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 535, A44
    Frau, P., Girart, J. M., Zhang, Q., & Rao, R. 2014, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 567, A116
    Galv ́an-Madrid, R., Zhang, Q., Keto, E., et al. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 725, 17
    Girart, J. M., Crutcher, R. M., & Rao, R. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 525, L109
    Girart, J. M., Rao, R., & Marrone, D. P. 2006, Science, 313, 812
    Girart, J. M., Beltr ́an, M. T., Zhang, Q., Rao, R., & Estalella, R. 2009, Science, 324, 1408
    Girart, J. M., Patel, N., Vlemmings, W. H. T., & Rao, R. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 751, L20
    Girart, J. M., Frau, P., Zhang, Q., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 772, 69
    Glenn, J., Walker, C. K., Bieging, J. H., & Jewell, P. R. 1997a, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 487, L89
    Glenn, J., Walker, C. K., & Jewell, P. R. 1997b, The Astrophysical Journal, 479, 325
    Glenn, J., Walker, C. K., & Young, E. T. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 511, 812
    Goldreich, P., & Kylafis, N. D. 1981, Astrophysical Journal, 243, L75
    —. 1982, Astrophysical Journal, 253, 606
    Goldreich, P., & Sridhar, S. 1995, The Astrophysical Journal, 438, 763
    Gon ̧calves, J., Galli, D., & Girart, J. M. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 490, L39
    Goodman, A. A., Barranco, J. A., Wilner, D. J., & Heyer, M. H. 1998, The Astrophysical Journal, 504, 223
    Goodman, A. A., Pineda, J. E., & Schnee, S. L. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 692, 91
    Goodman, A. A., Rosolowsky, E. W., Borkin, M. A., et al. 2009, Nature, 457, 63
    Greaves, J. S., Holland, W. S., Friberg, P., & Dent, W. R. F. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 512, L139
    Greaves, J. S., Holland, W. S., & Ward-Thompson, D. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 546, L53
    Gusdorf, A., Cabrit, S., Flower, D. R., & Pineau des Forets, G. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 482, 809
    Hall, J. S. 1951, Astronomical Journal, 56, 40
    Heitsch, F., Zweibel, E. G., Slyz, A. D., & Devriendt, J. E. G. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 603, 165
    Hennebelle, P., & Ciardi, A. 2009, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 506, L29
    Hennebelle, P., & Teyssier, R. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 477, 25
    Hennemann, M., Motte, F., Schneider, N., et al. 2012, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 543, L3
    Heyer, M., Gong, H., Ostriker, E., & Brunt, C. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 680, 420-427
    Hezareh, T., Houde, M., McCoey, C., & Li, H.-b. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 720, 603
    Hezareh, T., Wiesemeyer, H., Houde, M., Gusdorf, A., & Siringo, G. 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 558, A45
    Hezareh, T., Csengeri, T., Houde, M., Herpin, F., & Bontemps, S. 2014, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 438, 663
    Hildebrand, R. H., Kirby, L., Dotson, J. L., Houde, M., & Vaillancourt, J. E. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 696, 567
    Hiltner, W. A. 1951, The Astrophysical Journal, 114, 241
    Hirano, N., Ho, P. P. T., Liu, S.-Y., et al. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 717, 58
    Hirota, T., Bushimata, T., Choi, Y. K., et al. 2008, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 60, 37
    Ho, P. T. P., Moran, J. M., & Lo, K. Y. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal, 616, L1
    Hora, J. L., Smith, H. A., Doering, R. L., & Team, S. C.-X. S. 2011, American Astronomical Society, 217, 258.07
    Houde, M., Bastien, P., Peng, R., Phillips, T. G., & Yoshida, H. 2000a, The Astrophysical Journal, 536, 857
    Houde, M., Peng, R., Phillips, T. G., Bastien, P., & Yoshida, H. 2000b, The Astrophysical Journal, 537, 245
    Houde, M., Bastien, P., Dotson, J. L., et al. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 569, 803
    Houde, M., Vaillancourt, J. E., Hildebrand, R. H., Chitsazzadeh, S., & Kirby, L. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 706, 1504
    Houde, M., Rao, R., Vaillancourt, J. E., & Hildebrand, R. H. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 733, 109
    Houde, M., Hezareh, T., Jones, S., & Rajabi, F. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 764, 24
    Houde, M., Hull, C. L. H., Plambeck, R. L., Vaillancourt, J. E., & Hildebrand, R. H. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal, 820, 38
    Houde, M. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 795, 27
    Hull, C. L. H., Plambeck, R. L., Bolatto, A. D., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 768, 159
    Hull, C. L. H., Plambeck, R. L., Kwon, W., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 213, 13
    Hurka, J. D., Schmid-Burgk, J., & Hardee, P. E. 1999, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 343, 558
    Inoue, T., & Fukui, Y. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 774, L31
    Joos, M., Hennebelle, P., & Ciardi, A. 2012, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 543, A128
    Kirby, L. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 694, 1056
    Klessen, R. S., & Hennebelle, P. 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 520, A17
    Klessen, R. S., Ballesteros-Paredes, J., V ́azquez-Semadeni, E., & Dur ́an-Rojas, C. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 620, 786
    Koch, P. M., Tang, Y.-W., & Ho, P. T. P. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 747, 79
    —. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 775, 77
    Koch, P. M., Tang, Y.-W., Ho, P. T. P., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 797, 99
    Konigl, A., & Pudritz, R. E. 2000, Protostars and Planets IV (Book - Tucson: University of Arizona Press; eds Mannings, 759
    Krumholz, M. R., & Tan, J. C. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 654, 304
    Kryukova, E., Megeath, S. T., Hora, J. L., et al. 2014, The Astronomical Journal, 148, 11
    Kudoh, T., & Basu, S. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 728, 123
    Kumar, M. S. N., Davis, C. J., Grave, J. M. C., Ferreira, B., & Froebrich, D. 2007, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 374, 54
    Kylafis, N. D. 1983, Astrophysical Journal, 267, 137
    Lai, S.-P., Crutcher, R. M., Girart, J. M., & Rao, R. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 561, 864
    —. 2002, The Astrophysical Journal, 566, 925
    Lai, S.-P., Girart, J. M., & Crutcher, R. M. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 598, 392
    Lai, S.-P., Velusamy, T., & Langer, W. D. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 596, L239
    Larson, R. B. 1981, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 194, 809
    Lazarian, A., Esquivel, A., & Crutcher, R. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 757, 154
    Lazarian, A., & Vishniac, E. T. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 517, 700
    Lazarian, A. 2007, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 106, 225
    Le Picard, S. D., Canosa, A., Pineau des Forets, G., Rebrion-Rowe, C., & Rowe, B. R. 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 372, 1064
    Lee, C.-F., Mundy, L. G., Reipurth, B., Ostriker, E. C., & Stone, J. M. 2000, The Astrophysical Journal, 542, 925
    Lee, C.-F., Ho, P. T. P., Palau, A., et al. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 670, 1188
    Lee, C.-F., Rao, R., Ching, T.-C., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 797, L9
    Lee, C.-F., Hirano, N., Zhang, Q., et al. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal, 805, 186
    Li, H.-b., & Henning, T. 2011, Nature, 479, 499
    Li, H.-b., & Houde, M. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 677, 1151
    Li, H.-b., Houde, M., Lai, S.-p., & Sridharan, T. K. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 718, 905
    Li, H.-b., Fang, M., Henning, T., & Kainulainen, J. 2013, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 436, 3707
    Li, H.-b., Goodman, A., Sridharan, T. K., et al. 2014, Protostars and Planets VI, 101
    Li, H.-b., Yuen, K. H., Otto, F., et al. 2015, Nature, 520, 518
    Li, P. S., McKee, C. F., & Klein, R. I. 2015, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 452, 2500
    Li, P. S., Martin, D. F., Klein, R. I., & McKee, C. F. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 745, 139
    Li, Z.-Y., & Nakamura, F. 2004, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 609, L83
    Li, Z.-Y., & Shu, F. H. 1996, Astrophysical Journal v.472, 472, 211
    Li, Z.-Y., Krasnopolsky, R., & Shang, H. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 774, 82
    Li, Z. Y., Banerjee, R., Pudritz, R. E., et al. 2014, Protostars and Planets VI, 173
    Lis, D. C., Goldsmith, P. F., Dickman, R. L., et al. 1988, Astrophysical Journal, 328, 304
    Liu, H. B., Jim ́enez-Serra, I., Ho, P. T. P., et al. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 756, 10
    Liu, H. B., Qiu, K., Zhang, Q., Girart, J. M., & Ho, P. T. P. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 771, 71
    Liu, H. B., Lai, S.-P., Hasegawa, Y., et al. 2016, The Astrophysical Journal, 821, 41
    Looney, L. W., Mundy, L. G., & Welch, W. J. 2000, The Astrophysical Journal, 529, 477
    L ́opez-Sepulcre, A., Walmsley, C. M., Cesaroni, R., et al. 2011, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 526, L2
    Machida, M. N., Tomisaka, K., Matsumoto, T., & Inutsuka, S.-i. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 677, 327
    Machida, M. N., Inutsuka, S.-i., & Matsumoto, T. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 704, L10
    Machida, M. N. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 796, L17
    Mac Low, M.-M., & Klessen, R. S. 2004, Reviews of Modern Physics, 76, 125
    Mac Low, M.-M., Klessen, R. S., Burkert, A., & Smith, M. D. 1998, Physical Review Letters, 80, 2754
    Marrone, D. P. 2006, PhD thesis, Harvard University
    Marrone, D. P., & Rao, R. 2008, Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IV. Edited by Duncan, 7020, 70202B
    Mart ́ın-Pintado, J., Bachiller, R., & Fuente, A. 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 254, 315
    Matthews, B. C., McPhee, C. A., Fissel, L. M., & Curran, R. L. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 182, 143
    Mayer, C. H., Waak, J. A., Cheung, A. C., & Chui, M. F. 1973, Astrophysical Journal, 182, L65 McKee, C. F., & Ostriker, E. C. 2007, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 45, 565 McKee, C. F., & Tan, J. C. 2002, Nature, 416, 59
    —. 2003, The Astrophysical Journal, 585, 850
    Mestel, L., & Spitzer, L. J. 1956, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 116, 503
    Mestel, L. 1966, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 133, 265
    Minchin, N. R., & Murray, A. G. 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 286, 579
    Molinari, S., Swinyard, B., Bally, J., et al. 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 518, L100
    Motte, F., Bontemps, S., Schilke, P., et al. 2007, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 476, 1243
    Mouschovias, T. C., & Ciolek, G. E. 1999, NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series C, 540, 305
    Mouschovias, T. C., & Spitzer, L. J. 1976, Astrophysical Journal, 210, 326
    Mouschovias, T. C. 1991, Astrophysical Journal, 373, 169
    Murphy, G. C., Lery, T., O’Sullivan, S., et al. 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 478, 453
    Naghizadeh-Khouei, J., & Clarke, D. 1993, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 274, 968
    Myers, P. C., & Benson, P. J. 1983, The Astrophysical Journal, 266, 309
    Myers, A. T., Klein, R. I., Krumholz, M. R., & McKee, C. F. 2014, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 439, 3420
    Nakamura, F., & Li, Z.-Y. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 687, 354
    Nakano, T. 1984, Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics (ISSN 0094-5846), 9, 139
    Offner, S. S. R., Kratter, K. M., Matzner, C. D., Krumholz, M. R., & Klein, R. I. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 725, 1485
    Ossenkopf, V., & Henning, T. 1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 291, 943
    Ostriker, E. C., Stone, J. M., & Gammie, C. F. 2001, The Astrophysical Journal, 546, 980
    Padoan, P., & Nordlund, ̊A. 1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 526, 279
    Palau, A., Ho, P. T. P., Zhang, Q., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 636, L137
    Palau, A., Fuente, A., Girart, J. M., et al. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 762, 120
    Peretto, N., Fuller, G. A., Duarte-Cabral, A., et al. 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 555, A112 Pestalozzi, M. R., Minier, V., & Booth, R. S. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 432, 737
    Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., et al. 2016, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 586, A138 Poidevin, F., Bastien, P., & Matthews, B. C. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 716, 893
    Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., & Flannery, B. P. 2002, Numerical recipes in C++ : the art of scientific computing
    Qiu, K., Zhang, Q., Beuther, H., & Yang, J. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 654, 361
    Qiu, K., Zhang, Q., Menten, K. M., Liu, H. B., & Tang, Y.-W. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 779, 182
    Qiu, K., Zhang, Q., Menten, K. M., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 794, L18
    Rao, R., Crutcher, R. M., Plambeck, R. L., & Wright, M. C. H. 1998, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 502, L75
    Rao, R., Girart, J. M., Lai, S.-P., & Marrone, D. P. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 780, L6
    Rao, R., Girart, J. M., Marrone, D. P., Lai, S.-P., & Schnee, S. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 707, 921
    Reipurth, B. 2000, The Astronomical Journal, 120, 3177
    Reipurth, B., Rodriguez, L. F., Anglada, G., & Bally, J. 2002, The Astronomical Journal, 124, 1045
    Rosolowsky, E. W., Pineda, J. E., Kauffmann, J., & Goodman, A. A. 2008, The Astrophysical Journal, 679, 1338
    Roy, A., Ade, P. A. R., Bock, J. J., et al. 2011, The Astrophysical Journal, 727, 114
    Rygl, K. L. J., Brunthaler, A., Sanna, A., et al. 2012, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 539, A79
    Santangelo, G., Codella, C., Cabrit, S., et al. 2015, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 584, A126
    Schilke, P., Walmsley, C. M., Pineau des Forets, G., & Flower, D. R. 1997, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 321, 293
    Schneider, N., Csengeri, T., Bontemps, S., et al. 2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 520, A49
    Schneider, N., Csengeri, T., Hennemann, M., et al. 2012, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 540, L11
    Schneider, N., Bontemps, S., Motte, F., et al. 2016, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 591, A40
    Shang, H., Allen, A., Li, Z.-Y., et al. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 649, 845
    Shu, F. H., Adams, F. C., & Lizano, S. 1987, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 25, 23
    Shu, F. 1991, Physics of Astrophysics, Vol. II: Gas Dynamics (University Science Books)
    Shu, F. H., Najita, J. R., Shang, H., & Li, Z. Y. 2000, Protostars and Planets IV (Book - Tucson: University of Arizona Press; eds Mannings, 789
    Sridharan, T. K., Rao, R., Qiu, K., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 783, L31 Stephens, I. W., Looney, L. W., Kwon, W., et al. 2014, Nature, 514, 597
    Stone, J. M., Ostriker, E. C., & Gammie, C. F. 1998, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 508, L99
    Tang, Y.-W., Ho, P. T. P., Girart, J. M., et al. 2009a, The Astrophysical Journal, 695, 1399
    Tang, Y.-W., Ho, P. T. P., Koch, P. M., et al. 2009b, The Astrophysical Journal, 700, 251
    Tang, Y.-W., Ho, P. T. P., Koch, P. M., & Rao, R. 2010, The Astrophysical Journal, 717, 1262
    Tang, Y.-W., Ho, P. T. P., Koch, P. M., Guilloteau, S., & Dutrey, A. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 763, 135 Tassis, K., & Mouschovias, T. C. 2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 660, 402
    Tilley, D. A., & Pudritz, R. E. 2007, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 382, 73
    Ulrich, R. K. 1976, Astrophysical Journal, 210, 377
    Vall ́ee, J. P., & Fiege, J. D. 2006, The Astrophysical Journal, 636, 332
    Van Loo, S., Keto, E., & Zhang, Q. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 789, 37
    V ́azquez-Semadeni, E., Banerjee, R., G ́omez, G. C., et al. 2011, Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society, 414, 2511
    Vazquez-Semadeni, E., Kim, J., Shadmehri, M., & Ballesteros-Paredes, J. 2005, The Astrophysical Journal, 618, 344
    Williams, J. P., de Geus, E. J., & Blitz, L. 1994, The Astrophysical Journal, 428, 693
    Wilner, D. J., & Welch, W. J. 1994, Astrophysical Journal, 427, 898
    Woody, D. P., Scott, S. L., Scoville, N. Z., et al. 1989, Astrophysical Journal, 337, L41
    Yıldız, U. A., Kristensen, L. E., van Dishoeck, E. F., et al. 2012, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 542, A86 Zapata, L. A., Ho, P. T. P., Schilke, P., et al. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 698, 1422
    Zapata, L. A., Loinard, L., Su, Y.-N., et al. 2012, The Astrophysical Journal, 744, 86 Zhang, Q., Ho, P. T. P., & Ohashi, N. 1998, The Astrophysical Journal, 494, 636
    Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Pillai, T., & Rathborne, J. 2009, The Astrophysical Journal, 696, 268 Zhang, Q., Qiu, K., Girart, J. M., et al. 2014, The Astrophysical Journal, 792, 116
    Zhang, Q., Wang, K., Lu, X., & Jim ́enez-Serra, I. 2015, The Astrophysical Journal, 804, 141 Zhao, B., & Li, Z.-Y. 2013, The Astrophysical Journal, 763, 7

    無法下載圖示 全文公開日期 本全文未授權公開 (校內網路)
    全文公開日期 本全文未授權公開 (校外網路)

    QR CODE