本論文主題為球體自組裝之三維光子晶體，其應用多元且便於製作，製程中需使用微/奈米球懸浮溶液，而咖啡環效應將導致粒子的不均勻沉積，故為首要克服之挑戰。另一方面，光子晶體結構之光子能隙，其波段範圍與頻寬由組成之材料、結構尺寸、週期尺寸，以及結構類型等因素決定，這些因素則易直接或間接受環境影響，故而掌握環境變化與能隙的連動關係對光子晶體應用的拓展實有其必要。為解決咖啡環效應問題與探討能隙的表現，本論文開發一可調變蘭姆波頻率之激發裝置，其藉由蘭姆波可被激發於固體基板，以及能控制基板上液滴內部流場等特性，控制液滴內懸浮粒子的運動，以達成抑制咖啡環效應及自組裝光子晶體之目的，此裝置因頻率可調，故可彈性適用於多種粒徑聚苯乙烯奈米球的自組裝。另一方面，本論文於樣本冷卻/加熱實驗中發現，開放空間中測得之三維光子晶體能隙位置、能隙範圍，以及穿透率谷值於冰點附近(-10°C – 20°C)呈現兩階段變化。本論文採用數值建模計算結構穿透率頻譜、電磁場強度與坡印廷向量分布，並藉由模擬及實驗結果對照，綜合性探討環境溫度、環境相對溼度、樣本溫度、冷凝水生成與其相變化對於能隙偏移與穿透率谷值變化的影響，最終成功解釋造成能隙以及穿透率谷值兩階段變化的物理機制。

The major topic in this dissertation was three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled photonic crystals (PCs) composed of nanospheres. 3D self-assembled PCs had been applied in diversified domains. They were conveniently fabricated using micro/nanosphere suspension. However, the coffee-ring effect (CRE) was the main challenge because it would lead suspended spheres to deposit as uneven sediments. On the other hand, the wavelength ranges and bandwidth of the photonic bandgap (PBG) of a 3D PC were determined according to component materials, structure size, period dimension, and PC type. The above factors were easily directly or indirectly influenced by an environment. For applying PCs, investigating the relationship between environment and PBG variations was essential. Therefore, this dissertation aimed at overcoming CRE and investigating the performance of PBG of 3D PCs. A frequency-turnable Lamb wave excitation setup was developed in this dissertation on the basis that Lamb waves could be excited on a solid substrate. This setup could further manipulate the internal flow field of a droplet when the droplet was located on the solid substrate, thus achieving the purpose of suppressing CRE and self-assembling 3D PC. The setup also usefully assembled multiple-diameter polystyrene nanospheres into 3D PC structures. On the other hand, this dissertation discovered that two-step change occurred on PBG position, wavelength ranges, and transmittance valley of 3D PC sample near freezing point (-10°C – 20°C) under an open environment. The numerical modeling was adopted to calculate the transmittance spectra and the distribution of electromagnetic magnitude and Poynting vectors. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental results, this dissertation comprehensively investigated the influences on band shift and transmittance valley variations from ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, sample temperature, condensation generation, and the phase change of condensation. Finally, the physical mechanisms causing two-step change of PBG and transmittance valley were successfully explained.

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