鈣離子阱系統的構建及43Ca+離子的量子態操控實驗研究

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研究生：	郭俊賢 Kuo, Chun-Hsien
論文名稱：	鈣離子阱系統的構建及43Ca+離子的量子態操控實驗研究 Construction of a Calcium Ion Trap System and Experimental Study of Quantum State Manipulation of 43Ca+ Ions
指導教授：	童世光 Tung, Shih-Kuang
口試委員:	王立邦 Wang, Li-Bang 劉怡維 Liu, Yi-Wei 張銘顯 Chang, Ming-Shien 林俊達 Lin, Guin-Dar
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	理學院 - 物理學系 Department of Physics
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	113
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	111
中文關鍵詞：	離子阱、鈣離子同位素、量子態操控
外文關鍵詞：	trapped ion, calcium ion isotope, quantum state manipulation
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離子阱是量子資訊處理的理想平台，具有長相干時間和極高保真度的量子邏輯閘。作為這個領域的初學者，我們從建造一個離子阱系統的挑戰開始。雖然與中性原子物理實驗有一些相似之處，兩者都涉及原子，並且利用雷射和微波系統進行捕捉與操控，但也存在許多顯著的不同。我們面臨著許多未知的領域需要探索。對知識的追求驅使我們不斷挑戰，學習該領域的先驅研究，並確立合適的研究主題，以促進該領域的進步。
本論文詳細探討了離子阱構建的理論與實驗層面，涵蓋了離子阱組件的設計、雷射系統以及電壓源的開發過程。論文對離子通過光電離的方式進行捕捉的過程進行了深入解釋，並討論了如何通過離子的光譜來了解離子阱的特性。此論文還闡述了利用光電離雷射選擇性裝載鈣離子同位素的方法，並通過參數激發移除不需要的離子，最終開發出了一套有效裝載極低自然含量同位素的程序。此外，還有研究如何使用微波與拉曼雷射對43Ca+進行量子態操控，並強調了目前取得的成就及所面臨的挑戰，並提出了未來克服這些障礙的策略。

Trapped ions are an excellent platform for quantum information processing, offering long coherence times and exceptionally high-fidelity quantum logic gates. As beginners in this field, our journey began with the challenge of building an ion trap system. While there are similarities to neutral atomic physics experiments—both involve working with atoms and using laser and microwave systems for trapping and manipulation—there are also many distinct differences. We face many unknowns to explore. Our curiosity drives us to take challenges, learn from the pioneering research in the field, and identify suitable research topics that can contribute to the advancement of the field.
This thesis presents a detailed exploration of both the theoretical and experimental aspects of constructing an ion trap. It covers the design and development of the ion trap assembly, the laser system, and voltage sources. The process of ion loading via photoionization is thoroughly explained, with a discussion on how the ion spectrum can provide insights into the characteristics of the trap. The thesis also outlines methods for selectively loading calcium ion isotopes using photoionization lasers and removing unwanted ions through parametric excitation. This work concludes in the creation of a procedure for efficiently loading isotopes with extremely low natural abundance. Furthermore, it investigates the quantum state manipulation of 43Ca+ using microwave and Raman lasers, highlighting both the current accomplishments and the challenges encountered, while suggesting strategies for overcoming these obstacles in the future.

Contents
Abstract (Chinese) I
Abstract II
Acknowledgements (Chinese) III
Contents IV
List of Figures VII
List of Tables X
List of Algorithms 1
Introduction 1
1 Ion trap and quantum computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Theory 5
1 Ion trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Motional modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Laser-ion interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 Two-level system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Three-level system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Doppler cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Apparatus 21
1 Ion trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1 Trap geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2 Simulation with SIMION software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Helical resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2 Design of the resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.5 Impedance matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.6 Pickup circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Imaging system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6 Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.1 Photoionization lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.2 Cooling lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.3 Shelving lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7 Microwaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8 Time control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ion Loading and Trapping 54
1 Photoionization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2 Cooling and fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.1 𝑆1/2 ↔ 𝑃1/2 transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.2 𝐷3/2 ↔ 𝑃1/2 transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3 Isotope shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3 Trap characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.1 Compensation of excess micromotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2 Compensation of magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3 Measurement of secular frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Isotope-selective Trapping 77
1 Parametric excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
1.2 Experimental realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2 Purification procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Coherent control of single ion 90
1 Optical pumping and readout process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2 Microwave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3 Raman transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1 Light shift measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2 Carrier and sideband transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3 Temperature diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4 Discussion for EIT cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Conclusion 104
Bibliography 106

                                

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