研究生: |
林真好 Lin, Chen-Hao |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
性別的不平等是如何產生的?了解女性員工在台灣組織中面臨的障礙 How has Gender-based Inequality Arisen? Understanding the Barriers to Women Employees in Taiwanese Companies |
指導教授: |
謝英哲
Hsieh, Ying-Che |
口試委員: |
翁晶晶
Weng, Jing-Jing 李昕潔 Lee, Sin-Jie |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技管理學院 - 國際專業管理碩士班 International Master of Business Administration(IMBA) |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 64 |
中文關鍵詞: | 性別平等 、女性及職涯發展 、媽媽罰款 |
外文關鍵詞: | Motherhood Penalty, Inclusive and Diversity Policies |
相關次數: | 點閱:3 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
N/A
Despite being in the 21st century, there is still gender inequality which means that in many parts of the world, women and men do not have the same rights and opportunities. In Taiwan, laws and regulations make sure that women are able to get the same access to healthcare, education, and is able to take part in politics, as well as work. However, when it comes to finding work, especially in industries that are male dominant such as the semiconductors industry, the road to gender equality is still long. In order to understand what the barriers are for women to get into the semiconductors industry and into the labor market in general, and more importantly to understand the challenges that women face when they are working in the semiconductor industry, an exploratory study using a qualitative method by conducting interviews with professionals primarily in the semiconductor industry with the rest from other industries is conducted to gain insight into the gender gap within the industry.
The results of the interviews indicates that women, specifically mothers, have difficulty with career advancement. Those in managerial positions said that in order for women to be able to get ahead in their field of expertise, support from family, flexible working conditions as well as mentorship in addition to organizational support need to be in place for the career development of women especially for women who work in the semiconductor industry.
The indications of the study include the need for firms to offer flexibility, mentoring programs, peer support groups as well as incorporating inclusiveness and diversity policies throughout the organizational culture and practices.
6.0 References
Achyldurdyyeva, J., Wang, C.-P., Lin, H.-T., & Jaw, B.-S. (2019). Diversity Management in
Taiwan.The Case of the Semiconductor Industry. Diversity within Diversity Management, 331-357.
Amporfu, E., Sakyi, D., Frimpong, P. B., Arthur, E., & Novignon, J. (2018, May). The
Distribution of Paid and Unpaid Work among Men and Women in Ghana: The National Time Transfer Accounts Approach. Counting Women's Work Working Paper.
Ashcraft, K. L. (2013). The glass slipper: Incorporating oc- cupational identity in management
studies. The Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 6-31 .
Bae, S.-O., & Patterson, L. (2014). COMPARISON AND IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN
CAPITAL THEORY AT THE INDIVIDUAL, ORGANIZATION, AND COUNTRY LEVELS. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict; Arden, 18(1).
Baudin, T., & Hiller, V. (2019). On the dynamics of gender differences in preferences. Oxford
Economic Papers, 71(3), 503–527.
BBC. (n.d.). Role of business in society. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from BBC:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zmx47nb/revision/2
Benard, S., & Correll , S. (2010). Normative Discrimination and the motherhood penalty. Gender
and Society, 24(5), 616-646.
Beutel, A., Burge, S., & Borden, B. (2017). Femininity and Choice of College Major. Gender
Issues, 35.
Bianchi, S., Milkie, M., Sayer, L., & Robinson, J. (2000). Is Anyone Doing the Housework?
Trends in the Gender Division of Household Labor. Social Forces, 29(1), 191-228.
Bloomberg. (2020). 2020 Gender Reporting Framework. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from
Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/gei/framework/
Bouvy , A.-M., Vijver, F., Boski, P., & Schmitz , P. (1994). Journeys into cross-cultural
psychology.Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers.
Budig, M., & England, P. (2001). The Wage Penalty for Motherhood. American Sociological
Review, 66(2), 204-225.
Burgess, N. (2013). The Motherhood Penalty: How Gender and Parental Status Influence
Judgements of Job- Related Competence and Organizational Commitment. Seminar Research Paper Series(32).
Caligiuri, P., & Tung, R. (1999). Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a
US-based multinational company. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(5), 763-782.
Chen, C.-h., & Kao, E. (2021, April 27). Taiwan to increase funding in hope of boosting sagging
birth rates. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Focus Taiwan: https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202104270007
Cheung, H. Y., & Chan, A. (2007). How Culture Affects Female Inequality Across Countries:
An Empirical Study. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(2).
Cihak, M., & Sahay, R. (2018, September 17). Women in Finance: A Case for Closing Gaps.
Retrieved May 13, 2021, from International Monetary Fund: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2018/09/17/women-in-finance-a-case-for-closing-gaps-45136
Claes, M.-T. (1999). Women, men and management styles. International Labor Review, 138(4).
Collings, D., Freeney, Y., & van der Werff, L. (2018, September 11). How Companies Can
Ensure Maternity Leave Doesn’t Hurt Women’s Careers. Retrieved May 2, 2021, from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2018/09/how-companies-can-ensure-maternity-leave doesnt-hurt-womens-careers
Correll, S., & Ridgeway, C. (2004). Motherhood as a Status Characteristic. Journal of Social
Issues, 60(4), 683-700.
Correll, S., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?
American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297-1339.
Crick, N., & Bigbee, M. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A
multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 337
347.
Croson , R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender Differences in Preferences. Journal of Economic
Literature, 47(2), 1-27.
Dabla-Norris, E., & Kochhar, K. (2019, March). Closing the Gender Gap:. Retrieved May 10,
2021, from International Monetary Fund: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/03/closing-the-gender-gap-dabla.htm
DeJonckheere, M., & Vaughn, L. (2019). Semistructured interviewing in primary care research:
A balance of relationship and rigour. Family Medicine and Community Health, 7(2).
Eagly , A., & Wood, W. (1991). Explaining sex differences in social behavior: A meta-analytic
perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(3), 306-315.
Eagly, A., & Karau, S. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Psychological Review, 109(3), 573-598.
Ehrenberg, R., & Smith, R. (1991). Modern labor economics, theory and public policy. New
York:Harper Collins.
Elting, L. (2018, November 26). 4 Ways Women Mentoring Women Can Change The World.
Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lizelting/2018/11/26/4-ways-women-mentoring-women-can-change-the-world/?sh=3c9f47373813
Everington, K. (2021, April 19). Taiwan has lowest birth rate in world: CIA. Retrieved May 5,
2021, from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4180941
Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A
Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80-92.
Firth, M. (1982). Sex discrimination in job opportunities for women. Sex Roles, 8.
Fiske, S., Cuddy, A., & Glick, P. (2004). When Professionals Become Mothers, Warmth Doesn't
Cut the Ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 701 - 718.
Forbes Coaches Council. (2020, Febuary 19). 13 Ways Business Owners Can Encourage Gender
Equality Through Company Culture. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2020/02/19/13-ways-business-owners-can-encourage-gender-equality-through-company-culture/?sh=411611082288
Fouad, N., Kim, S.-y., Ghosh, A., Chang, W.-h., & Figueiredo, C. (2015). Family Influence on
Career Decision Making: Validation in India and the United States. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(1), 197-212.
Fuegen, K., Biernat, M., Haines, E., & Deaux, K. (2004). Mothers and Fathers in the Workplace:
How Gender and Parental Status Influence Judgments of Job-Related Competence. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 737-754.
Gillett, R., & Hoff , M. (2020, April 18). Gender bias could make it harder for women to become
CEO, according to a recent study. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Business Insider: https://www.businessinsider.com/why-women-almost-never-become-ceo-2016-9
Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender Stereotypes, Same-Gender Preferences, and Organizational
Variation in the Hiring of Women: Evidence from Law Firms. American Sociological Review, 70(4).
Heilman, M. E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The Lack of Fit model. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 5, 269–298.
Helgesen, S. (1995). The Female Advantage: Women's Ways of Leadership. New York: Double
Day.
Hofstede Insights. (n.d.). COUNTRY COMPARISON. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Hofstede
Insights: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/taiwan/
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw- Hill.
Huang, G. (2016, June 2). Why Some Women Still Prefer Male Bosses And What We Should
Do About It. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/georgenehuang/2016/06/02/why-some-women-still-prefer-male-bosses-and-what-we-should-do-about-it/?sh=51a2107e2ebb
Hunt, V., Yee, L., Prince, S., & Dixon-Fyle, S. (2018, January 18). Delivering through diversity.
Retrieved May 10, 2021, from McKinsey & Company: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/delivering-through-diversity
Johnson, S., Murphy, S. E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R. (2008). The strong, sensitive type:
Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106(1), 39-60.
Kanter, R. M. (1997). On the frontiers of management. Boston : Harvard Business School Press.
Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). CHILDREN AND GENDER INEQUALITY:
EVIDENCE FROM DENMARK. AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL: APPLIED ECONOMICS, 11(4), 181-209.
Koch, A. J. (2015). A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations
of employment decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 128-161.
Kristal, T., & Yaish , M. (2020, August). Does the coronavirus pandemic level the gender
inequality curve? (It doesn’t). Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68.
Larson, E. (2017, September 21). New Research: Diversity + Inclusion = Better Decision
Making At Work. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/eriklarson/2017/09/21/new-research-diversity-inclusion-better-decision-making-at-work/?sh=15a2e2d64cbf
Leung, D., Gisler, S., Kato, A., & Lee, S. (2018, June 19). One Size Does Not Fit All: Gender
Inequity in STEM Varies Between Subfields. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11(2).
Lin, H.-c., & Xie, D. (2020, April 12). Taiwanese women on average give birth at 32. Retrieved
May 5, 2021, from Taipei Times: https://taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/04/12/2003734468
Lungumbu , S., & Butterly, A. (2020, November 26). Coronavirus and gender: More chores for
women set back gains in equality. Retrieved Febuary 17, 2021, from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55016842
Marcus, B. (2016, August 15). It's Obstacles Women Face In The Workplace - Not A Lack of
Ambition - That Causes Them To Opt Out. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bonniemarcus/2016/08/15/its-the-obstacles-women-face-in-the-workplace-not-a-lack-of-ambition-that-causes-them-to-opt-out/?sh=41a127ba2667
Mckinsey & Company. (2020, September 30). Women in the Workplace 2020. Retrieved May 6,
2021, from Mckinsey & Company: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/gender-equality/women-in-the-workplace-2019
Ministry of Justice. (2020, June 10). Labor Standards Act. Retrieved April 30, 2021, from R.O.C
Laws and regulations database: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0030001
Ministry of Labor. (2016, May 18). Act of Gender Equality in Employment. Retrieved May 16,
2021, from Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0030014
Minzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper & Row.
Munir, K., Amis, J., & Mair, J. (2020). The Organizational Reproduction of Inequality. Academy
of Management Annals, 14(1).
Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N., & Brooks, K. (n.d.). Human capital theory: implications for human
resource development. Human Resource Development International, 7(4), 545-551.
Nivorozhkin , A., & Romeu-Gordo, L. (2019). How Do Longer Parental Leaves Affect Women’s
Workplace Tasks? Evidence from Germany. Feminist Economics, 25(3), 119-143.
Pedulla, D. (2020, May 12). Diversity and Inclusion Efforts That Really Work. Retrieved May 7,
2021, from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr.org/2020/05/diversity-and-inclusion-efforts-that-really-work
Petersen, T., Snartland, V., & Milgrom, E. M. (2006, August). Are Female Workers Less
Productive Than Male Workers? SIEPR Discussion Paper, 5(21).
Pi-Chun, H., & Chiou, H.-J. (2015). Cost of Childcare: A Panel Study on the Effect of
Motherhood on Wages of Taiwanese Women. Taiwanese Journal of Sociology(56), 53-113.
Quadlin, N. (2019). From Major Preferences to Major Choices: Gender and Logics of Major
Choice. Sociology of Education, 32(2), 91–109.
Sandberg, S. (2016, September 27). Sheryl Sandberg: Women Are Leaning In—but They Face
Pushback. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/sheryl-sandberg-women-are-leaning-inbut-they-face-pushback-1474963980
Scott, J. (2010). Quantitative methods and gender inequalities. International Journal of Social
Research Methodology, 13(3), 223-236.
Smith, P. R. (2002). Parental-Status Employment Discrimination: A Wrong in Need of a Right?
Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Labor and Employment Law Commons, and the Law and Gender Commons, 35.
Staff, J., & Mortimer, J. (2012). EXPLAINING THE MOTHERHOOD WAGE PENALTY\ DURING THE EARLY OCCUPATIONAL CAREER. Demography, 49(1), 1-21.
Stahl, A. (2020, May 1). New Study: Millennial Women Are Delaying Having Children Due To
Their Careers. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleystahl/2020/05/01/new-study-millennial-women-are-delaying-having-children-due-to-their-careers/?sh=13978b00276a
Stahl, G., & Cerdin, J.-L. (2004). Global careers in French and German multinational
corporations. Journal of Management Development, 23(9).
Stamarski, C., & SonHing, L. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of
organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1400).
Statistical Bureau Rebulic of China (Taiwan). (2020). National Statistics. Retrieved Febuary 14,
2020, from Statistical Bureau Rebulic of China (Taiwan): https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=37195&CtNode=1662&mp=5
Strauss, K. (2016, July 18). Women In The Workplace: Are Women Tougher On Other Women?
Retrieved May 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2016/07/18/women-in-the-workplace-are-women-tougher-on-other-women/?sh=53116a347ea9
Stroh, L., Varma, A., & Valy-Durbin, S. (2000). Why Are Women Left at Home: Are They
Unwilling To Go On International Assignments? Journal of world business, 35(3).
Sylvie, B. (2020, April 13). Gender Equality: Why it Matters, Especially in a Time of Crisis.
Retrieved August 5, 2021, from The World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2020/04/13/gender-equality-why-it-matters-especially-in-a-time-of-crisis
Taniguchi, H. (1999). The Timing of Childbearing and Women's Wages. Journal of Marriage
And Family, 61(4), 1008-1019.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. London :
Virago.
The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and the Equality and Human Rights
Commission. (n.d.). Pregnancy and maternity related discrimination and disadvantage. 2016: The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Tlaiss, H., & Kauser, S. (2011). The impact of gender, family, and work on the career
advancement of Lebanese women managers. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(1).
UN Women. (2021). SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Retrieved August 8, 2021, from UN Women: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality
United Nations. (2020, March 7). International Women’s Day: Gender equality benefits
everyone. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from United Nations: https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058881
United Nations. (2021). Inequality – a defining challenge of our time. Retrieved Febuary 17,
2021, from United Nations: https://www.un.org/pt/desa/inequality-–-defining-challenge-our-time
Vijver, F. J. (2007). Cultural and Gender Differences in Gender-Role Beliefs, Sharing Household
Task and Child-Care Responsibilities, and Well-Being Among Immigrants and Majority Members in The Netherlands. Sex Roles, 57, 813–824.
Whiston, S., & Keller, B. (2004). The Influences of the Family of Origin on Career
Development:A Review and Analysis. THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST, 32(4), 493-568.
Wilkie, J. (1993). Changes in U.S. men’s attitudes toward the family provider role. Gender &
Society, 7, 261–279.
World Economic Forum. (2020). Global Gender Gap. Retrieved Febuary 14, 2020, from World
Economic Forum: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf
World Trade Organization. (2021). Sustainable Development Goal on gender equality. Retrieved
August 5, 2021, from World Trade Organization: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/gendersdg_e.htm
Yang, S. (2020, May 6). 8% of Taiwanese women do not return to work after parental leave,
data shows. Retrieved April 30, 2021, from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3929304
Yu, W.-h., & Kuo, J.-L. (2017). The Motherhood Wage Penalty by Work Conditions: How Do
Occupational Characteristics Hinder or Empower Mothers? American Sociological Review, 82(4), 744–769.
Zafar, B. (2013). College Major Choice and the Gender Gap. The Journal of Human Resources,
48(3), 545-595.
Zalis, S. (2019, March 6). Power Of The Pack: Women Who Support Women Are More
Successful. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelleyzalis/2019/03/06/power-of-the-pack-women-who-support-women-are-more-successful/?sh=357d2b7f1771
Zalis, S. (2021, April 26). Effects Of The Pandemic: The Gender Gap Grew By 36 Years In Just
12 Months. Retrieved August 5, 2021, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelleyzalis/2021/04/26/effects-of-the-pandemic--the-gender-gap-grew-by-36-years-in-just-12-months/?sh=6734a3025f51