研究生: |
邱逢霖 Iao, Fong Lam |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
論狄爾泰的心理學及其在「歷史理性批判」中的地位 On Dilthey’s Psychology and its position in his “Critique of Historical Reason” |
指導教授: |
張旺山
Chang, Wang-Shan |
口試委員: |
黃文宏
Huang, Wen-Hong 張存華 Chang,Tsun-Hua |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人文社會學院 - 哲學研究所 Philosophy |
論文出版年: | 2016 |
畢業學年度: | 104 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 96 |
中文關鍵詞: | 狄爾泰 、心理學 、歷史理性批判 、生命 、人性研究 、精神科學 、詮釋學 |
外文關鍵詞: | Dilthey, Psychology, Critique of Historical Reason, Life, study of human nature, Human Sciences, Hermeneutics |
相關次數: | 點閱:1 下載:0 |
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任何想要研究與人有關的知識的學科,在十九世紀實證主義的衝擊下,無不漸漸走向量化研究以及建立在假設和實驗上的實證方法;然而,作為鑽研「精神科學」(Geisteswissenshaften; Human Sciences,現代一般稱為「人文與社會科學」)的哲學基礎的重要哲學家之一,狄爾泰(Wilhelm Dilthey, 1833-1911)則繼續堅持精神科學不能隨便套用自然科學的方法,並主張這些學科具有獨立的研究的對象、方法與價值。透過發展一套「歷史理性批判」(Kritik der historischen Vernunft; Critique of Historical Reason),他曾提出一種為精神科學奠定哲學基礎的「描述與分析的心理學」(beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie; descriptive and analytic psychology)。然而,這種心理學受到當時學界嚴厲的批評,以致狄爾泰似乎放棄了這種心理學的研究,而把焦點轉移於詮釋學上。因此,學界普遍稱此為狄爾泰晚年的「詮釋學轉向」(hermeneutische Wendung; Hermeneutic Turn),而甚少對他的心理學研究作過多探問。
在這種主流的詮釋下,本論文旨在重新檢視狄爾泰所提出的心理學,並主張狄爾泰從未放棄這門心理學,而且它在其思想中佔有核心的地位。透過把「歷史理性批判」分解成三個側面──現象學、知識論以及方法論側面,同時把此三個側面視為其思想的前、中、晚期,我嘗試論證這種心理學是理解狄爾泰思想的內在線索。作為一種知識論基礎,心理學連接了狄爾泰思想的前、後期,貫穿了整個批判的工作。在此基礎上,我嘗試把狄爾泰的心理學刻劃成某種「人性研究」,而這種研究的對象則是「生命」(Leben; life)。狄爾泰一開始的目標並非去建立某種知識論模型,或透過一種心理學理論來對心理機制或意識作用的建構進行分析。他關注的焦點一直是作為一切精神科學乃至人類知識的核心的「生命」。因此,與其說狄爾泰的心理學是對意識運作所作的心理學分析,倒不如說是為理解「生命」而提出的「生命哲學」(Lebensphilosophie; Philosophy of Life),或為理解「人」而進行的某種「人學」(Anthropologie; Anthropology)研究。基本上,兩者都是對人性進行的理論探究,而這種人性研究,正是一切精神科學的系統性依據。
Any discipline which intends to study and understand human being, under the impact of positivism in 19th century, gradually tends towards quantitative research and positivist approach which is based on hypothesis and experiment. However, as one of the important philosophers who dug into Human Sciences (Geisteswissenschaften, which are generally regarded as Humanities and Social Sciences nowadays), Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911) insisted that the method of Natural Sciences cannot be applied arbitrarily to Human Sciences. The latter has its independent subject matter, method and value. With the development of “Critique of Historical Reason” (Kritik der historischen Vernunft), he brought forth a “Descriptive and Analytic Psychology” (beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie) which served to lay a philosophical foundation for Human Sciences. Yet this psychology has come under severe criticism. Dilthey then seems to give up the study of psychology and shift to Hermeneutics. This is thus generally regarded as the “Hermeneutic Turn” in the latter years of his life. Therefore, his study in psychology is neglected.
With this overwhelming view, this thesis intends to re-examine the psychology that Dilthey once proposed and suggests that he never gave up this psychology, which could serves as the core of his thought. With the attempt to break down “Critique of Historical Reason” into three aspects, which are respectively the phenomenological, the epistemological and the methodological aspect, while they can also serve as the early, middle and later phase of his thought, I try to argue that his psychology is the inner thread of his thought. As an epistemological foundation, psychology connected the early and later phase of his thought. It runs through the whole Critique. On this basis, I attempt to argue that Dilthey’s psychology is a “study of human nature”, which has its subject matter “life” (Leben). Dilthey did not attempt to build up an epistemological model or analyze mental mechanism or the function of consciousness with some kinds of psychological theory at the first place. He always kept his mind on “life” as the core of all Human Sciences and even all knowledge of human being. Therefore, Dilthey’s psychology is rather a kind of “Philosophy of Life” for understanding the concept “life” or “Anthropology” for understanding human being, which are both basically the study of human nature on which all Human Sciences base, than psychological analysis for constructing the function of consciousness.
(一) 狄爾泰主要著作及其代號
1. 原典德文版
以下GS為所選用之德文全集簡稱,羅馬數字為冊數;後面的斜體為全部標題名。
GS I Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 1. Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften. Versuch einer Grundlegung für das Studium der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1990
GS V Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 5. Die geistige Welt. Einleitung in die Philosophie des Lebens ; Hälfte 1, Abhandlungen zur Grundlegung der Geisteswissenschaften. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1990
GS VII Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 7. Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1992
GS VIII Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 8. Weltanschauungslehre. Abhandlungen zur Philosophie der Philosophie. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1991
GS XVIII Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 18. Die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte. Vorarbeiten zur Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (1865-1880). Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1977
GS XXI Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 19. Grundlegung der Wissenschaften vom Menschen, der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte Ausarbeitungen und Entwürfe zum zweiten Band der Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften (ca. 1870-1895). Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1982
GS XIX Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. 21. Psychologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft. Erster Teil: Vorlesungen zur Psychologie und Anthropologie (ca. 1875-1894). Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1997
2. 原典英文版
以下SW為英文全集簡稱,羅馬數字為冊數;後面的斜體為全部標題名。
SW I Selected Works. Vol. 1. Introduction to the Human Sciences. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 1989
SW II Selected Works. Vol. 2.Understanding the Human World. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 2010
SW III Selected Works. Vol. 3. The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 2002
SW IV Selected Works. Vol. 4. Hermeneutics and the Study of History. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 1996
SW V Selected Works. Vol. 5. Poetry and experience. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 1985
3. 選用文章及其代號
ca. 1880-1890〈布累斯勞手稿〉〈意識的事實〉(〈布累斯勞手稿〉)
Die Tatsachen des Bewußtseins („Breslauer Ausarbeitung“)
The Facts of Consciousness (“Breslau Draft“)
(GS XIX, 58-173; SWI, 245-353)
1883《導論》 《精神科學導論:為歷史社會科學奠基的嘗試》
Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften. Versuch einer Grundlegung für das Studium der Gesellschaft und der Geschichte
Introduction to the Human Sciences: an Attempt to Lay a Foundation for the Study of Society and History
(GS I, 1-120; SW I, 1-169)
1890〈實在性〉 〈我們對外在世界的實在性之信念的起源及其權力之問題的解決〉
Beiträge zur Lösung der Frage vom Ursprung unseres Glaubens an die Realität der Aussenwelt und seinem Recht
The Origin of Our Belief in the Reality of the External World and Its Justification
(GS V, 90-138 ; SW II, 8-57)
1893 〈柏林手稿〉 〈柏林手稿〉
Der Berliner Entwurf
The Berliner outline
(GS XIX, 296-332 ; SW I, 457-492)
1894〈觀念〉 〈關於描述與分析的心理學的一些觀念〉
Ideen über eine beschreibende und zergliedernde Psychologie
Ideas for a Descriptive and Analytic Psychology
(GS V, 139-240 ; SW II, 8-57)
1895/96〈比較〉 〈論比較心理學〉/《對個體性研究的貢獻》
Über vergleichende Psychologie (1895) / Beiträge zum Studium der Individualität (1896)
On Comparative Psychology (1895) / Contributions to the Study of Individuality (1896)
(GS V, 241-316 ; SW II, 211-284)
1900 《興起》 《詮釋學的興起》
Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik
The Rise of Hermeneutics
(GS V, 317-338 ; SW IV, 235-258)德文原本發表在Philosophische Abhandlungen. Christoph Sigwart ze seinem 70. Geburtstag 28. März 1900 gewidmet. Tübingen 1900. 185-202
1905-1909 〈三個研究〉 〈第一研究:心靈結構關聯〉、〈第二研究:知識的結構關聯〉、〈第三研究:精神科學的劃界〉
Erste Studie. Der psychische Strukturzusammenhang ; Zweite Studie. Der Strukturzusammenhang des Wissens ; Dritte Studie. Die Abgrenzung der Geisteswissenschaften (Dritte Fassung)
First Study: The Psychic Structural Nexus ; Second Study: The Structural Nexus of Knowledge ; Third Study: The Delimitation of the Human Sciences (Third Draft)
(GS VII, 3-75 ; SW III, 23-97)
1907 〈哲學的本質〉 〈哲學的本質〉
Das Wesen der Philosophie (GS V, 339-416)
The Essence of Philosophy. Translated by Stephen A. Emery and William T. Emery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954.
1910 〈建造〉 〈精神科學中歷史世界的建造〉
Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften
The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences
(GS VII, 79-188 ; SW III, 101-209)
1910〈批判〉 〈歷史理性批判草稿〉
Entwürfe zur Kritik der historischen Vernunft
Drafts for a Critique of Historical Reason
(GS VII, 191-291 ; SW III, 213-311)
1911 〈世界觀〉 〈形上學系統內的世界觀類型與其開展〉
Die Typen der Weltanschauung und ihre Ausbildung in den metaphysischen Systemen (GS VIII, 75-118)
The Types of World Views and their Unfoldment within the Metaphysical Systems. Dilthey's Philosophy of existence: Introduction to Weltanschauungslehre. Translation by William Kluback and Martin Weinbaum. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978, 1957.
(二) 外文二手文獻
Cerf, W.. 1962. Studies in Philosophical Psychology. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 22(4), 537–558. http://doi.org/10.2307/2105260
Damböck, Christian. 2012. Wilhelm Diltheys empirische Philosophie und der rezente Methodenstreit in der analytischen Philosophie, in: Grazer Philosophische Studien 85 , 151-185.
Damböck, Christian. 2012. Rudolf Carnap and Wilhelm Dilthey: "German" Empiricism in the Aufbau, in: Richard Creath (ed.): Carnap and the Legacy of Logical Empiricism, Institute Vienna Circle Yearbook, 75-96
Dilthey, Wilhelm; Husserl, Edmund. 1987. Dilthey and phenomenology. edited by Rudolf A. Makkreel and John Scanlon. Washington, D.C. : University Press of America,
Dilthey, Wilhelm; Grafen Paul Yorck von Wartenburg. 1995. Briefwechsel zwischen Wilhelm Dilthey und dem Grafen Paul Yorck von Wartenburg, 1877-1897. Edited by Sigrid v. d. Schulenbrug. New York, : G. Olms
Ermarth, Michael. 1978. Wilhelm Dilthey: The Critique of Historical Reason. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 2004. Truth and method. 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic
D'Anna, Giuseppe, Johach, H. and Nelson, Eric ed.. 2013. Anthropologie und Geschichte : Studien zu Wilhelm Dilthey aus Anlass seines 100. Todestages. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann
Husserl, Edmund. 1968. Phänomenologische Psychologie. Vorlesungen Sommersemester. 1925. Ed. by Walter Biemel. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
Husserl, Edmund. 2000. Logical investigations. Translated by J.N. Findlay. Amherst, NY : Humanity Books
Kühne-Bertram, Gudrun und Rodi, Frithj. 2008. Dilthey und die hermeneutische Wende in der Philosophie : wirkungsgeschichtliche Aspekte seines Werkes. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Makkreel, Rudolf A.. 1992. Dilthey: Philosoher of the Human Studies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Palmer , Richard E.. 1969. Hermeneutics; interpretation theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Northwestern University Press
Rickman, H. P.. 1979. Wilhelm Dilthey, pioneer of the human studies. Berkeley : University of California Press
Rickman, H. P.. 1988. Dilthey Today: A Critical Appraisal of the Contemporary Relevance of His work. New York : Greenwood Press
Scanlon, J.. 1989. Dilthey on Psychology and Epistemology. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 6(4), 347–355. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27743908
(三) 中文二手文獻
張旺山,《狄爾泰》,臺北市: 東大,1986
張旺山,〈行動人與歷史世界的建造:論狄爾泰的「生命的詮釋學」〉,中國文哲研究通訊,第9卷,第3期,頁 69-86,1999
Hans-Georg Gadamer著,洪漢鼎譯,《真理與方法──哲學詮釋學的基本特徵》,上海:上海譯文出版社,2004
Morton Hunt著,李斯譯,《心理學的世界──類型與發展》,台北:究竟出版社,2000
Rudolf A. Makkreel著,李超杰譯,《狄爾泰傳──精神科學的哲學家》,北京:商務印書館,200
Richard E. Palmer 著,嚴平譯,《詮釋學》,台北:桂冠,1992
Paul Ricoeus著,林宏濤譯,《詮釋的衝突》,台北:1995
William H. Walsh著,何兆武、張文杰譯,《歷史哲學導論》,北京大學出版社,2008
王由連,郭本禹,〈狄爾泰的描述心理學及其歷史效應〉,華東師範大學學報(教育科學版),第31卷,第3期,頁49-55,2013