本研究從表面能階理論推導與計算流體力學數值模擬著手，探討微液珠於奈微複合表面靜態接觸之介面物理特性與接觸角特徵、微液珠動態傳輸之運動力學分析與能量轉換機制，以及液珠碰撞內部流場混沌對流混合之暫態變化。透過奈微機電製程和表面自組裝技術之整合，分別實現具有疏水性梯度的微表面傳輸元件達成微液珠自發性傳輸和方向性操控；以及製作與研發具有極端疏水性、抗沾黏和低遲滯效應的奈微結構複合表面。
結論包括如下: 隨著表面微結構密度的增加(f1)，微液珠之接觸角和穩態能階有下降趨勢，而表面能障則呈相反趨勢而增加，顯示微液珠與微結構表面間固液介面接觸面積增加，將必須克服較大的遲滯效應。從表面能階與能障分析，液珠在懸浮狀態下穩態能階將比塌陷狀態來的高，並具有較佳的移動能力；並針對微結構密度分佈設計與元件傳輸能力進行估算與預測，建議以疏水性薄膜PPFC表面微結構密度為0.76為最大上限。而微液珠動態傳輸速度與理論預測結果吻合，微液珠於微結構密度梯度表面上初始獲得驅動力為4.91 □N，並大於表面遲滯力2.46 □N而開始移動傳輸；目前元件最大移動可達距離為2.5 mm，平均移動速度可達62.5 mm/s，元件整體有效能量轉換率可達20.8%。從能量守恆與能階轉換觀點，估算出微液珠於路徑上瞬間停止到表面輪廓穩定平衡靜止前，這段間液珠震盪損耗內能為1.31×10-8 J。
整合奈微機電製程應用於矽質基板上製作具有奈微結構複合表面，以化學氣象沈積技術疏水性分子(FDTS, CF3(CF)7CH2CH2SiCl3)使該表面具備有極端疏水性、低遲滯效應與超抗沾黏特性。對照接觸角理論預測與實驗量測之數據，奈微結構設計能夠有效大幅增強並且大範圍調控表面之疏水性，使得接觸角從112°提升至173.1°。理論預測估算建議微結構間寬比(G/W)均小於6.4，可確保微液珠能夠有效而穩定地懸浮於表面。蝕刻時間證實對表面疏水性有密切影響，最佳化蝕刻時間為3 min，就僅奈米結構表面之疏水性表面本質接觸角最大值可達162.5°。根據連續動態彈跳影像證實，液珠於f1 = 0.5之奈微複合表面上彈跳持續約0.729 s並於這段期間經歷20次以上的彈跳，以液珠質心為基準之最大彈跳高度為3.29 mm。液珠於不同粗糙程度表面上彈跳高度和次數，可具體對表面抗沾黏性進行定量比較，其測試結果顯示奈微複合表面的抗沾黏性遠優於其他僅單層微結構或平滑之疏水性表面。
具有微結構密度梯度設計之表面傳輸元件，應用於液珠外部介面碰撞並探究內部流場混沌混合機制。在理論上，根據邦得數(Bo)與微結構臨界高度估算，建議因採用高50 □m 以上的微結構和15 □L以內的微液珠，確保液珠可以懸浮接觸模式於表面結構密度梯度路徑上連續傳輸。在實驗上，以高速攝影機獲得清晰液珠碰撞混合過程的高速暫態影像，兩顆液珠5 □L分別以平均傳輸速度58.14 m/s與54.35 m/s進行碰撞；並利用MATLB軟體取出液珠內部影像灰階值加以計算液珠混合過程之連續暫態混合指標變化趨勢，比較三種不同碰撞方式進行暫態連續混合指標，結果顯示三顆液珠混合由於具有兩個碰撞介面而增加混合接觸面積，優於其他兩個案例，在600秒內混合指標達到0.8。在模擬上，透過計算流力軟體CFD-ACE+，模擬液珠於具有疏水性梯度表面自發性傳輸，透過拓樸理論分析液珠在五種不同碰撞方式下，液珠內部混沌對流過程中之特徵流線分佈，模擬結果顯示具有偏心碰撞、較多碰撞介面數和壁面侷限效應，有助於液珠內部流場混合。由暫態混合指標的變化歷程，顯示微液珠內部流場混合變化可分三個歷程，包括兩顆液珠碰撞前之傳輸、介面碰撞過程的拉伸與形變，以及液珠合併後內部流場的混沌對流所造成的混合效應。
最後，液珠微結構表面傳輸元件之能階推導與力學分析、超抗沾黏與極端疏水性奈微結構複合表面之研發，以及液珠傳輸現象與內部混合機制之探討，期望這些成果能夠進一步應用於相關生醫微流體晶片之研發與應用。

To clarify a driving mechanism for the self movement of a droplet across hydrophobic textured surfaces in series and to develop applications for a microfluidic device, we report a theoretical model, a microfabrication technique and experimental measurements.
The contact angle of a droplet on a composite surface, the stable surface energy level and the energy barrier caused by hysteresis were investigated. With increasing pattern density of the microstructure, the contact angle and stable surface energy decreased gradually, but the energy barrier increased. Both the analytical results and the experimental measurements show that the surface energy for a suspended status is greater than the one for a collapsed status, which produces an increased energy to generate the movement of a droplet. An analysis of interactions between actuation force, resistive force and viscous force during the motion of a droplet is based on the equilibrium between forces. From a perspective of energy conversion, the difference of surface energy between a higher state and a lower state would drive a single droplet and make it move spontaneously if it could overcome the static friction force resulting from hysteresis and the kinetic friction force under the droplet movement.
The mean velocity in the present device, measured as 62.5 mm/s, agrees satisfactorily with the theoretical prediction. The model developed for the energy levels enables us to assess the contact mode of a droplet placed on the patterned surface. For a prediction of the transport capability of the designed devices, a theoretical interpretation of the conversion between surface energy and kinetic energy of the droplet establishes a criterion that the pattern density of a textured surface should be less than 0.76. The effective rate of energy conversion is estimated to be 20.6 %.
Hybrid-structured surfaces consisting of microgrooves and nanocrystals have been modified with a self-assembled monolayer (CF3(CF)7CH2CH2SiCl3) via low-cost, mass-production, and highly integrated nano/microfabrication. The microgrooves decorated with nanocrystals were patterned and fabricated on a silicon substrate to yield an ultrahydrophobic surface with an anti-sticking property. The nanocrystals were etched by means of oxidation of the silicon surface. Contours of nanostructured surfaces were inspected with a SEM and an AFM; the surface roughness and level of hydrophobicity depended on the duration of etching.
Comparison of contact angles for microdroplets on those designed surfaces showed that the hydrophobicity of the solid surfaces became amplified with nanocrystals and accurately modulated with a pattern density (f1), ranging from 112o to 173.1o, to generate a much increased gradient of Gibbs surface energy that served to transport the microdroplet. To characterize the anti-sticking capability of those hybrid-structured surfaces in quantity, we measured the heights and frequencies of rebounding microdroplets on those test surfaces with varied roughness. Similar to the interfacial characteristics of a lotus leaf, our designed surfaces feature superior aqueous repellence, little hysteresis, and slight adhesion, such that microdroplets hence roll off effortlessly and bounce off repeatedly.
We also utilized microfabrication processes to develop a digital-microfluidic devices and further studied the related interfacial collision and chaotic mixing mechanisms between two droplets. To make it sure that the microdroplets could be transported on those designed transport paths, the stature of microgroove more than 50 □m and the volume of droplet less than 15 □L would be suggested on basis of theoretic predictions. Sequences of transient images about two droplets transporting and colliding with each other have been captured from high-speed camera, which show that the average velocities of two droplets were 58.14 mm/s and 54.35 mm/s, respectively. The transient mixing index (TMI) inside the merged droplet has been obtained from the variation in gray level of each image and been calculated with Matlab program, which reaches 0.8 within the mixing time 600 s in the case of collision among three droplets.
Microdroplets spontaneously transported by wettability gradient have successfully been simulated with the commercial software CFD-ACE+. The strength of vorticity and the characteristic streamlines in topology have further been calculated and visualized according to the flow field inside a merged droplet at each moment during the mixing process. With regard to droplet collision and mixing, when two droplets collide, the momentum of the moving droplets, an important parameter, is variable and controllable through the varied types of collision to influence directly the mixing quality. The design parameters of the transport device were optimized with the simulation results to abbreviate the duration of mixing, so to promote effectively the quality of mixing. The simulation results demonstrate that the chaotic mixing efficient inside the merged droplet could be enhanced by the three mechanisms as follows: deflective collision, increasing interfacial area in collision, and the constrain effect from the sidewalls. Finally, it would be expected that those related results of the present study could be integrated and applied to those microfluidic devices and biochips.

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