表面結合鐵與銅離子對氯化有機物還原脫氯反應之研究

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研究生：	梅若恩 R.A. Maithreepala
論文名稱：	表面結合鐵與銅離子對氯化有機物還原脫氯反應之研究 Synergistic Effect of Copper ions on the Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by Surface-Bound Iron Species
指導教授：	董瑞安 Ruey-an Doong
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	原子科學院 - 生醫工程與環境科學系 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
論文出版年：	2004
畢業學年度：	92
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	288
中文關鍵詞：	表面結合鐵、還原脫氯、銅離子、氧化鐵、四氯化碳、氯化碳氫化合物
外文關鍵詞：	surface-bound iron species, dechlorination, copper species, iron oxides, carbon petrachloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons
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no chinese abstract

The dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons including carbon tetrachloride (CT), tetrachloroethane (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) by different types of Fe(II)/Fe(III) systems and the synergistic effect of Cu(II) ions on the dechlorination were investigated. The well-crystalline goethite (a-FeOOH), hematite (a-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4) and amorphous ferrihydrite (Fe(OH)3) were associated with dissolved Fe(II) to form surface-bound iron species those were found to be reactive under anoxic conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) were used to characterize the chemical states and crystal phases of solid phases, respectively. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to identify the surface morphology of the solid phases. CT was not dechlorinated by dissolved Fe(II) or iron oxides at neutral pH. However, significant dechlorination of CT was observed at pH 7.2 when Fe(II) was associated with iron oxides. The dechlorination followed pseudo first-order kinetics and the rate constants (kobs) for CT dechlorination ranged between 0.0144 and 0.836 h-1 in the Fe(II)-iron oxide suspensions. Chloroform (CF) was identified as the major product during the dechlorination processes, depicting that reductive dechlorination is the dominant degradation pathway of CT by surface-bound iron species. Also, the kobs for CT dechlorination mainly depended on pH and surface-bound Fe(II) concentration. A linear relationship between surface-bound Fe(II) concentration and the kobs was established. The pH of the surface-bound Fe(II) system strongly influenced the rate and efficiency of dechlorination processes and the kobs was exponentially increased with increasing pH ranging from 4 to 8.5. A similar relationsip between pH and surface –bound Fe(II) concentration also found indicating that the pH effect on the dechlorination efficiency is mainly due to the variation in the surface-bound Fe(II) concentration.
The efficiency and rate of CT dechlorinated was significantly enhanced by the amendment of Cu(II) into the suspension of iron oxide and Fe(II). The kobs values for CT dechlorination were 119, 100, 30 and 3 times greater than those without Cu(II) in the magnetite, goethite, hematite and ferrihydrite suspensions, respectively at pH 7.2. A linear relationship between kobs for CT dechlorination and the concentration of Cu(II) was observed when the amended Cu(II) concentration was lower than 0.5 mM. Moreover, the kobs for CT dechlorination was dependent on the initial Fe(II) concentration in the 0.5 mM Cu(II)-amended goethite system and followed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood relationship. The synergistic effect of Cu(II) in the Fe(II)/Fe(III) systems is primarily attributed to formation of secondary mineral phases was observed. When Cu(II) was added into Fe(II) solution in the absence of other iron oxide minerals, the oxidation of Fe(II) into Fe(III) coupling with Cu(II) reduction to form a new mineral phase. XRD and XPS analysis suggested that this solid phase contained amorphous ferrihydrite and Cu2O. When the initial Fe(II)/Cu(II) ratios in the solution varied from 1 to 10, the kobs for CT dechlorination increased 250-fold and the produced secondary minerals also changed from ferrihydrite to goethite and hematite and then again ferrihydrite.
Cu(II) ion also has the synergistic effect on the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the presence of green rust and biogenic iron oxides. The addition of Cu(II) in to the green rust suspension effectively dechlorinated chlorinated methanes (CT, CF) and chlorinated ethenes (PCE, TCE). The kobs for dechlorination increased by 84 times for CT, 4.7 times for PCE and 7 times for TCE. XRD and XPS results showed that the oxidation of green rust chloride(GR(Cl)) to magnetite resulted in the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(0) and Cu(I). In the presence of Geobacter sulfurreducens, ferrihydrite can be biologically dissoluted to produce Fe(II) and magnetite, resulting in the formation of biogenic Fe(II)-Fe(III) system for the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Addition of Cu(II) also enhanced the dechlorination of CT by biogenic Fe(II) under microbial Fe(III) reducing condition. Results obtained in this study give impetus that Cu(II) can increase the reductive dechlorination process led by natural Fe(II) systems in the subsurface conditions for the natural attenuation of highly chlorinated compounds or engineered systems that facilitate the in-situ cleanup of chlorinated hydrocarbons using Fe(II)/Fe(III) systems.

Acknowledgement. ………………………….…………………………………………...    i
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………....    iii
Content index …………………………………………………………………………….    vi
Figure Index………………………………………………………………………… …...    xii
Table index     ……………………………………………………………………………...    xxii
CHAPTER 1.GENERAL INTRODUCTION……………………………………………    1
1 BACKGROUND AND THEORY…………………………………………...    2
1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………    2
1.2  Iron oxides ………………………………………………………….    5
1.3  Microbial Fe(III) reduction………………………………………….     7
1.4 Electron shuttling compounds to facilitate the microbial Fe(III) reduction……………………………………………………………………    10
1.5  Interaction of dissolved Fe(II) ions with iron minerals……………...    14
1.6  Reduction of contaminants by surface-bound Fe(II)………………...    20
1.7 Degradation kinetics of the contaminants by surface-bound Fe(II) systems……………………………………………………………………..     24
1.8 Factors controlling the reactivity of heterogeneous Fe(II)/Fe(III)  aqueous systems……………………………………………………………     26
1.8.1 pH value. ………………………………………………………….      26
1.8.2 Remodeling time of Fe(II) at Fe(III) mineral surface ……………...    27
1.8.3 Sorbed Fe(II) concentration………………………………………...    28
1.9  Reactivity of Fe(II)/Fe(III)  systems towards  dechlorination of chlorinated  compounds ……………………………………………………    28
2 MOTIVATION………………………………………………………………     37
3 OBJECTIVES  ……………………………………………………………….    39
4 EXPERIMENTAL PLAN …………………………………………………...    40
5 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….…    41

CHAPTER 2. DECHLORINATION OF CARBON TETRCHLORIDE
BY FERROUS ION ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS IRON OXIDE MINERALS….     51
    ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………...    52
1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………    53
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………….    56
2.1 Chemicals …………………………………………………………….    66
2.2 Preparation of anoxic water and anoxic solutions …………………...    56
2.3 Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide minerals………………    57
2.4 Dechlorination Experiments…………………………………………     60
2.5 Fe(II) and Cu(II) sorption experiments………………………………    61
2.6 Analytical Methods…………………………………………………..    61
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………...    63
3.1  Characterization of iron oxide minerals……………………………...    63
3.2  Sorption of Fe(II) onto iron oxide minerals…………………………     69
3.4 Dechlorination of CCl4 by surface-bound Fe system………………..    74
3.5 Effect of pH on the dechlorination of CCl4  by goethite……………..    79
3.6 Effect of Fe(II) on the dechlorination of CT in  goethite system……    82
3.7 Effect of goethite concentration……………………………………..    84
3.8 Dechlorination of CCl4 by surface-bound Fe(II) species in the presence of Cu(II)…………………………………………………………..    87
3.9 Reduction of chloroform by Cu(II) catalyzed  surface bound Fe(II) systems…………………………………………………………………….    91
3.10 The sorption of Cu(II) on iron minerals……………………………    94
4  ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE…………………………………….    99
5  SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………    100
6  REFERENCES...............................................................................................    101

CHAPTER 3. REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE BY SURFACE-BOUND FERROUS IONS ASSOCIATED WITH GOETHITE……….    105
    ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………    106
1  INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………...    107
2  MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………………….    109
2.1 Chemicals……………………………………………………………..    109
2.2 Dechlorination Experiments………………………………………….    110
2.3 Analytical Methods…………………………………………………..     111
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSION……………………………………………….    113
3.1 Effect of transition metal ions on CT degradation……………………    113
3.2 Effect of pH on CT dechlorination…………………………………...    117
3.3 Effect of Cu (II) concentration on CT dechlorination………………..    121
3.4 Effect of Fe(II) on CT dechlorination………………………………..    130
5 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE …………………………………….     134
4 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….    135
6 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….    137

CHAPTER4. REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING FEROUS AND COPPER IONS………..    141
    ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………    143
1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………    145
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………..    147
2.1 Chemicals……………………………………………………………..    147
2.2 Dechlorination Experiments………………………………………….    147
2.3 Analytical Methods…………………………………………………...    148
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………...    150
3.1 Concentration effect of Cu(II) on CCl4 dechlorination in the presence of 3 mM Fe(II)……………………………………………………………...    150
3.2 Concentration effect of Fe(II) on CCl4 dechlorination in the presence of 0.5 mM Cu(II)……………………………………………………………    151
3.3 Change in morphology of chemogenic solids at various Fe/Cu ratios.    158
3.4 Effect of pH…………………………………………………………..    166
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE …………………………………….     171
5 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….    173
6 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………    174

CHAPTER5. ENHANCED DECHLORINATION OF CHLORINATED METHANES AND ETHENES BY GREEN RUST WITH COPPER IONS…………………...    177
    ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………    178
1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………    180
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………..    182
2.1 Chemicals……………………………………………………………..    182
2.2 Synthesis and characterization of GR(Cl)…………………………….    183
2.3 Quantification of GR(Cl) concentration……………………………...    184
2.4 Dechlorination Experiments………………………………………...      185
2.5 Analytical techniques…………………………………………………    186
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………...    188
3.1 Dechlorination of CT by GR(Cl)……………………………………..    188
3.2 Dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes by GR(Cl)……………………    191
3.3 Concentration effect of Cu(II)………………………………………..    192
3.4 Solid-phase analysis of GR(Cl)–Cu(II) suspension………………….    199
3.5 Effect of pH on PCE dechlorination………………………………….    203
3.6 The concentration effect of GR(Cl) on PCE dechlorination…………    209
3.7 The effect of target organic (PCE) concentration……………………    209
4 ENVIRONMNTAL SIGNIFICANCE……………………………………….    216
5 SUMMERY………………………………………………………………….    217
6  REFERENCES………………………………………………………………    219
CHAPTER 6.REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE BY BIOGENIC FERROUS SPECIES UNDER MICROBIAL IRON REDUCING CONDITIONS BYGeobacter sulfurreducens……………………………………………    223
    ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………    224
1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………    225
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………..    228
2.1 Chemicals…………………………………………………………….    228
2.2 Microorganism and Cultivation………………………………………    229
2.3 Fe(III) reduction experiments………………………………………...    230
2.4 Dechlorination experiments…………………………………………..    231
2.5 Analytical methods…………………………………………………...    231
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………...    232
3.1 Reduction of various Fe(III) oxides by Geobacter sulfurreducens….    232
3.2 Abiotically reductive dechlorination of CT under microbial Fe(III) reducing condition………………………………………………………….    234
3.3 Influence of copper ions on the growth of G. sulfurreducens and the microbial Fe(III) reduction…………………………………………………    237
3.4 Dechlorination of CT  in the presence of Cu(II) under microbial Fe(III) reducing condition…………………………………………………..    239
3.5 Microbial reduction of Fe(III)oxides using  AQDS as electron shuttling compound…………………………………………………………    244
3.6 Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride under microbial Fe(III) reducing condition using AQDS as electron shuttling compound………….    247
3.7 Effect of Cu(II) ion on the dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride under microbial Fe(III) reducing condition using AQDS as electron shuttling compound…………………………………………………………    254
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE……………………………………...    265
5 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….    267
6 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….    268
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………….    273
    CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………    274
APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………………    279

                                

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