本研究探討臺灣閩南語(以下簡稱為「臺語」)「加」(ke1)的不同用法。 前人文獻談論臺語的比較句用法時都曾或多或少觸及「加」字，不過鮮有專著討 論。本研究以日治時期《語苑》的資料為主，並輔以現代的其他口語文獻，如《閩 南語故事集》等等，自以上文獻廣收「加」(ke1)的語料，研究發現，「加」基 本上對應華語的「多」，且其用法可以分為以下二類。第一類是與數量相關 (quantity-related)的功能，第二類是與程度相關(degree-related)的功能。除此 之外，本研究也探討了「加」的其他相關面向，以下將分別細述之。
其一，「加」作為副詞的主要功能第一類為與量相關的結構。本研究部分採 用 Li (2015)的分析，認為臺語中具有與 Li 所討論的華語結構(Differential Verbal Comparatives)。這一類的結構多具有量的特徵，「加」所引導的結構中 通常必須出現一個顯性的度量詞組(measure phrase)來修飾其後的動詞組或指定 詞組(DP)。
「加」作為副詞的第二類用法為與程度相關的用法。本研究採用 Kennedy (1997、2007)等對程度形容詞的分類，在「加」所引導的結構中，必須包含一 個顯性的程度結構(degree structure)，通常是一個度量詞組或形容詞組(AdjP)。 此外，「加」也可引導一個等級程度謂語(gradable predicate)，此程度謂語由程 度副詞「真」(tsin1)、「誠」(tsiann5)、「足」(tsiok4)或者比較詞素「較」 khah4 引導的，以「ke1+ Deg + AdjP/VP」的形式出現。
除了此兩類結構之外，本研究亦探討「加」的其他相關面向。首先，「加」 尚有一較難分析的結構為表達「白白」、「徒勞」，比如「加麻煩」(徒增麻煩)。 其次，本研究也比較了「加」與「閣」(koh4)，並證明兩者在語意及使用環境 均有不同，其次也比較了「加」的文白異讀(ka1)讀音的差別，以及「加減」(ke1 -kiam2)等等用詞的分析。綜合上述，本研究具體而微地整理了副詞「加」字相 關的各種結構，並對其主要的功能進行了語法與語義上的探討。

This study aims to investigate the syntax and semantics of the multifunctional Taiwanese Southern Min (hereafter TSM) verb/adverb 加 ke1, which comprises two
major functions.
The first function of ke1 (or ke1 (I)) is quantity-related. The research follows Li
(2015)’s proposal on Mandarin 多 duo1, and consider ke1 to be one of its counterpart
in TSM. It can precede either a VP, a DP, or a predicate that denotes the difference of quantity or degree between two different sets. In this function, either the VP or DP must be quantity-related; in other words, the explicit quantity is obligatory, or ke1 is not felicitous in the structure.
The second function of ke1 is degree-related. In this structure, ke1 selects a scalar structure but not a bare adjective. Compared with the first function, the common feature of the two functions is that an extra component, either the quantity or the degree structure, cannot be eliminated. Other than the two main functions, ke1 also has a pragmatic function that means ‘in vain’ or ‘unneeded,’ which is a result of semantic broadening, based on our conclusion.
The research also deals with other dimensions of ke1. For the semantics of ke1, we compare it with koh4 ‘even/again’. Despite many similarities, they still differ in their fundamental semantic meaning: ke1 intensifies the ‘addition’, while koh4 only suggests the ‘repetition’. With respect to ke1’s diachronic development, the second function, the degree-related one, develops many constructions during the past centuries. In other words, the trajectory is from ‘ke1 + Adj + MeaP’ to ‘ke1+ degree adverb + Adj.’
To sum up, the research proposes that ke1 has two main functions, the quantity- related one and the degree-related one. A DMP or a degree phrase is obligatory in the above constructions respectively. Second, even though ke1 corresponds to Mandarin duo1 in the adverbial/verbal function, TSM ke1 has developed much more different functions than its Mandarin near-counterpart. The research provides not only abundant data for the studies on Southern Min but also research questions for future research.

Chang, Chia-Ling. 2012. Taiwan Minnanyu Bijiaoju zhi Leixing Fenxi [Analysis of types of comparative clauses in Taiwanese]. MA thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Chang, Shu-Min. 2015. Hanyu de ‘Duo’ zi yu Minnanhua kejiahua Duiyingci Bijiao Yanjiu: Goushi fenxifa [A Comparative Study on Duo多 in Chinese and Its Corresponding Words in Southern Min Dialects and Hakka Dialects: On the Analytical Method of Construction Grammar]. Zhongguo Fangyan Xuebao (1): 152-161.
Chao, Yuen-Ren (趙元任). 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley & Los Angles: University of California Press.
Cheng, Liang-Wei et al. (ed.) 2000. Daxue Taiyu Wenxuan Shangce [Selection of Articles in Taiwanese: the first volume]. Taipei: Yuan-liou Publishing Company.
Chui, Kawai. 2005. Structuring of Information Flow in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 33 (1): 34-67.
Fleischhauer, Jens. 2013. Interaction of Telicity and Degree Gradation in Change of State Verbs. In Arsenijević B., Gehrke B., Marín R. (eds) Studies in the Composition and Decomposition of Event Predicates. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, v. 93, 125-152. Dordrecht: Springer.
Kennedy, Christopher. 1997. Projecting the Adjectives: The syntax and semantics of gradability and Comparison. PhD Dissertations. University of California at Santa Cruz.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2007. Mode of Comparison. In Malcom Elliott, James Kirby, Osamu Sawada, Eleni Straki, and Suwon Yoon (eds) Proceedings from the annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 43(1): 141-165. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Kennedy, Christopher. and McNally, Louise. (2005). Scale Structure, Degree Modification, and the Semantics of Gradable Predicates. Language 81(2): 345–381.
Li, Chia-Chun. 1994. Comparative Constructions in Southern Min-- A Diachronic and Typological Perspective. MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Li, Xiao. 2015. Degreeless Comparatives: The Semantics of Differential Verbal Comparatives in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Semantics 32: 1–38
Li, Hsien-Chang (李獻璋) 1950. Fukken Gohoo Josetsu [The introduction of Grammar of Southern Min]. Taipei: Nanfeng (南風).
Lien, Chin-Fa. 2006. Lijingji dongci fenlei he dongxiang geshi [Verb Classification, Aktionsart, and Constructions in the Li Jing Ji]. Language and Linguistics 7(1):27-61.
Lien, Chin-Fa. 2020. Formation and Constraints of Scalar Structure in TSM. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Lin, Hsien-Yi. 2016. The formation and syntactic/ semantic characteristics of minimizing constructions in Southern Min: A case study of tsit8 tiam2 (a2). MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Liu, Chen-sheng Luther. 2011. The Chinese bi comparatives. Lingua 121(12): 1767-1795.
Liu, Chen-sheng Luther. 2018. A comparative with two standards of comparison. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5(2): 195–225.
Lin, Jo-Wang. 2014. The adjective of quantity duo ‘many/much’ and differential comparatives in Mandarin Chinese. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics.
Lu, Guang-Cheng. 2003. Taiwan Minnanyu Gaiyao [Outline of Taiwanese Southern Min]. Taipei: SMC Books.
Lu, Li-Hsiang. 2014. A comparative study of Mandarin and Taiwanese comparative morphemes MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Morzycki, Marcin. 2009. Degree modification of gradable nouns: size adjectives and adnominal degree morphemes. Natural Language Semantics 17: 175–203.
Solt, Stephanie. 2015. Q-Adjectives and the Semantics of Quantity. Journal of Semantics 32: 221-273.
Su, Wan-Chi. 2011. Comparatives without Bi. MA thesis, National Chiao Tung University.
Sawada, Osamu. 2017. Pragmatic Aspects of Scalar Modifiers: The Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tan, Huiliong (Chen, Hui-Long). 1934. Taiwan Gohoo [Taiwanese Grammar]. Taipei: Taiwan Gogakusha.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Wang, Chi-Yan. 2016. Degree or Non-degree? The Adverb geng in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis: National Chiao-tung University.
Wellwood, Alexis. 2019. The Meaning of More. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wu, Shou-Li. 2001a. Ming Jiajing kan Li Jing Ji xiwen jiaoli [Annotated texts of the Romance of Li Jing Ji of Ming Jiajing edition (JJ)]. Taipei: Congyi gongzuoshi.
Wu, Shou-Li. 2001b. Ming Wanli kan Li Zhi Ji xiwen jiaoli (Annotated texts of the Romance of Li Zhi Ji of Ming Wanli edition (WL)). Taipei: Congyi gongzuoshi.
Wu, Shou-Li. 2001c. Qing Shunzhi kan Li Zhi Ji xiwen jiaoli (Annotated texts of the Romance of Li Zhi Ji of Qing Shunzhi edition (SZ)). Taipei: Congyi gongzuoshi.
Wu, Shou-Li. 2001d. Qing Guangxu kan Li Zhi Ji xiwen jiaoli (Annotated texts of the Romance of Li Zhi Ji of Qing Guangxu edition (GX)). Taipei: Congyi gongzuoshi.
Wu, Shou-Li. 2002. Ming Wanli kan Jin Hua Nü xiwen jiaoli (Annotated texts of the Romance of Jin Hua Nü of Ming Wanli edition (WL)). Taipei: Congyi gongzuoshi.
Yang, Ching-Yu Helen. 2017. On the syntax-semantics interface of focus particles: the additive particle 還 hai “HAI” in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua Sinica 3(3):1-33.