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研究生: 陳奕廷
Chen, Yi-ting.
論文名稱: 非關稅貿易障礙與監管合作機制之發展與挑戰 : 以巨型區域貿易協定為中心
Non-tariff Barrier to Trade and Development and Challenge of Regulatory Cooperation: Lessons from Mega-regionalism
指導教授: 劉漢威
Liu, Han-Wei
口試委員: 林勤富
Lin, Chin-Fu
范劭青
Fan, Shao-tsing
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 106
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 106
中文關鍵詞: 監管合作巨型區域貿易協定世界貿易組織監管性貿易障礙貿易成本複邊協定
外文關鍵詞: regulatory cooperation, mega-regional trade agreement, World Trade Organization, regulatory barrier to trade, trade cost, plurilateral agreement
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  • 本文研究巨型區域貿易協定中監管合作機制之設計,發現雖然監管合作是消除監管性貿易障礙之熱門手段,然參與巨型區域貿易協定之國家對於監管合作之態度似乎仍有所保留。近年來許多巨型區域貿易協定如TPP、TTIP以及CETA皆納入監管合作之專章,其預設的合作深度確實高於其他以非自由貿易協定之方式執行之監管合作;然解構其機制之設計後能發現,各巨型區域貿易協定之參與國似乎仍想要保留自身之管制主權,而不想令其他參與國或參與國之利害關係人藉由監管合作介入自身管制措施做成之程序。導致巨型區域貿易協定中之監管合作有相當大的部分停留在低強度之合作,高強度之合作則成為選擇性執行之選項。本文亦檢視台灣以自由貿易協定執行之監管合作,並以歐美國家對監管合作機制之疑慮出發,試圖提出我國應如何面對監管合作之趨勢之建議。


    After analyzing the Regulatory chapter in mega-regional trade agreements, this paper finds that parties involve in mega-regional trade agreements are still conservative about regulatory cooperation, given that regulatory cooperation is an effective tool eliminating regulatory barrier to trade. Many mega-regional agreements already incorporated regulatory cooperation in to their content and aiming high-level cooperation. However, the parties in mega-regional agreements seems outweigh regulatory sovereignty than the benefit of regulatory cooperation, and do not allow other parties and interest group from other parties influence their process of policy making through regulatory cooperation. Therefore, the majority of mandatory regulatory cooperation in mega-regional agreements remains low-level, and high-level regulatory cooperation becomes optional. This paper also review Taiwan’s regulatory cooperation mechanism in FTAs, and try to make suggestions relating the usage and phenomena of regulatory cooperation for Taiwan.

    摘要 i 謝誌 ii 目錄 iii 第壹章、緒論 1 第一節、研究背景 1 第二節、問題意識 1 第三節、文獻回顧及研究方法 2 第四節、研究架構 2 第貳章、貿易障礙與國際貿易 4 第一節、WTO成立前 4 第二節、WTO成立後 9 一、標準規約 12 二、TBT協定 15 三、SPS協定 23 四、GATS 29 第三節、小結 34 第參章、監管合作機制發展整理以及台灣監管合作現況 38 第一節、監管合作之定義 38 第二節、監管合作之態樣 42 第三節、監管合作之法律途徑選擇介紹 48 第四節、各監管合作途徑之優點及缺點 53 第五節、台灣監管合作現況整理 57 第六節、小節 63 第肆章、巨型區域貿易協定之介紹與我國執行監管合作之反思及建議 64 第一節、巨型區域貿易協定(MEGA-Regional) 64 一、 TPP 64 二、 TTIP 73 三、 CETA 79 第二節、複邊貿易協定 83 TISA 83 第三節、綜合分析 84 第四節、我國自由貿易協定中監管合作機制之設計 85 第五節、反思與建議 86 第伍章、結論 93 參考文獻 95

    一、 中文文獻

    (一)專書

    羅昌發(2010),《國際貿易法》,台北:元照

    (二)期刊論文

    顏慧欣(2013),〈從關稅走向非關稅自由化之歐盟經貿策略:以歐韓FTA之服務貿易監管措施與 技術性貿易障礙規範為例〉,《歐美研究》,第四十三卷2期,頁353-413。

    楊光華(2016),〈從TPP協定論自然人移動議題之發展與我國之因應〉,《第十六屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》,頁47-138,台北:政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心。

    二、 外文文獻

    (一)專書

    ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW (2nd ed. 2008).

    A WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION FOR THE 21ST CENTURY- THE ASIAN PERSPECTIVE (Richard Baldwin & Masahiro Kawai & Ganeshan Wignaraja eds., 2014).

    FEENSTRA TAYLOR, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS (2nd ed. 2011).

    KNUT BLIND, THE ECONOMICS OF STANDARDS: THEORY, EVIDENCE, POLICY (1st ed. 2004).

    RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE WTO AND TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (Tracey Epps & Michael J. Trebilcock eds., 1st ed. 2013).

    (二)期刊論文

    Steven J. Rothberg , From Beer To Bst: Circumventing The Gatt Standards Code’S Prohibition On Unnecessary Obstacles To Trade, 75 MINN. L. REV. 505, 511 (1990).

    R.W. Middleton, The GATT Standards Code, 14 J. WORLD TRADE L. 201, 201 (1980).

    Norbert L. W. Wilson, Clarifying the Alphabet Soup of the TBT and the SPS in the WTO, 8 DRAKE J. AGRIC. L. 703, 712 (2003).

    Steve Charnoviz, The supervision of health and biosafety regulation by world trade rules, 13 TUL. ENVTL. L.J. 271, 272 (2000).

    J. Michael Taylor, Evaluating The Continuing Gats Negotiations Concerning International Maritime Transport Services, 27 TUL. MAR. L.J. 129, 134 (2002).

    Rafael Leal-Arcas, The Resumption Of The Doharound And The Future Of Servicestrade, 29 LOY. L.A. INT'L & COMP. L. REV. 339, 343 (2007).

    Nancy J. King & Kishani Kalupahana, Choosing Between Liberalization And Regulatory Autonomy Under Gats Implications, 40 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 1189, 1210 (2007).

    Jonathan B. Wiener & Alberto Alemanno, The Future Of International Regulatory Cooperation:TTIP As A Learning Process Toward A Global Policy Laboratory, 78 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 103, 108 (2015).

    Gregory Shaffer, Reconciling Trade And Regulatory Goals: The Prospects And Limits Of New Approaches To Transatlantic Governance Through Mutual Recognition And Safe Harbor Agreements, 9 COLUM. J. EUR. L. 29, 30-31 (2002).

    Alan O. Sykes , Regulatory Protectionism And The Law Of International Trade, 66 U. CHI. L. REV. 1, 24 (1999).

    MELVYN KRAUSS, HOW NATIONS GROW RICH: THE CASE FOR FREE TRADE (1997); John McGinnis & Mark Movsiean, The World Trade Constitution: Reinforcing Democracy Through Trade, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 511 (2000).

    Bernard Hoekman & Petros C. Mavroidis, Regulatory Spillovers and the Trading System From Coherence to Cooperation, E15Initiative. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum (2015)

    Winslett, Gary, How Regulations Became the Crux of Trade Politics, 50 Journal of World Trade. 47, 67 (2016).

    Petros C. Mavroidis, Regulatory Cooperation Lessons from the WTO and the World Trade Organization, E15Initiative. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum (2016).

    REEVE T. BULL et al., New Approaches To International Regulatory Cooperation:The Challenge Of Ttip, Tpp, And Mega-Regional Trade Agreements, 78 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 1, 1 (2015).

    Robert W. Saiger & Alan O. Sykes, International Trade and Domestic Regulation, Stanford Law School Working Paper No. 387, at 43 (2009)

    Steve Charnovitz, US Efforts to Ensure that Regulation Does Not Present Trade Barriers, 3( E15, 2015), available at http://e15initiative.org/publications/us-efforts-to-ensure-that-regulation-does-not-present-trade-barriers/.

    Gregory C. Shaffer, How the WTO Shapes Regulatory Governance, 9 REG. &GOVERNANCE, 1 (2015).

    Gregory Shaffer, Alternatives for Regulatory Governance Under TTIP: Building from the Past, 22 Columbia Journal of European Law3, (2016).

    Benedict Kingsbury & Nico Krisch, & Richard B. Stewart, The Emergence Of Global Administrative Law, 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 15, 17-19 (2005).

    Jeffrey L. Dunoff, Mapping a Hidden World of International Regulatory Cooperation, 78 Law and Contemporary Problems 267, 268 (2015).

    Bernard M. Hoekman, Embracing Diversity: Plurilateral Agreements and the Trading System, 14 World Trade Review 101, 103 (2015).

    Petros C. Mavroidis & Robert Wolfe, Private standards and the WTO: reclusive no more, 16(1) World T.R 1, 12 (2017).

    Reba A. Carruth, Federal Rulemaking And The Us Food And Drug Administration: International Regulatory Policy Cooperation In The 21st Century, 20 Geo. PUB. POL'Y REV. 61, 62 (2015).

    Elms, D. & Lim, C. L., The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP) negotiations: overview and prospects. (Singapore: Nanyang Technological University, RSIS Working Paper, No. 232, 2012).

    Reeve T. Bull, Developing a Domestic Framework for International Regulatory Cooperation, 78 Law and Contemporary Problems 49-74 (2015).

    Anne Meuwese, Constitutional Aspects of Regulatory Coherence in TTIP: An EU Perspective, 78 Law and Contemporary Problems 153-174 (2015).

    Eric H. Leroux, Eleven years of GATS case law: what have we learned?, 10 J. INT’L ECON L.749, 779 (2007)

    Alemanno, Alberto, How Much Better Is Better Regulation? Assessing the Impact of the Better Regulation Package on the European Union – A Research Agenda (October 11, 2015). European Journal of Risk Regulation, Issue 3, (2015).

    (三)專書文獻

    ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER, A NEW WORLD ORDER: GOVERNMENT NETWORKS AND THE DISAGGREGATED STATE. 12 (2004).

    Rodrigo Polanco, The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and Regulatory Coherence, in TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANS-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP 231, 246 (Tania Voon ed., 2013).

    William J. Davey, Specificities of WTO dispute settlement in services cases, at 287, in GATS AND THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES (Marion Panizzon & Nicole Pohl & Pierre Sauvé eds., 2008)

    (四)外國政府、國際組織出版物及資料

    Joseph Francois, Reducing Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and Investment: An Economic Assessment, European Union Report (March 2013), available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc_150737.pdf).

    European Commission, Countries & Regions: United States, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/united-states (last visited Mar. 28, 2016).

    ECORYS 2009 Study, Non-Tariff Measures in EU-US Trade and Investment—An Economic Analysis, at 45, available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/december/tradoc_145613.pdf.

    Org. For Econ. Co-Operation & Dev., International Regulatory Co-Operation: Rules For A Global World 8–10 (Oct. 14, 2012), http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=GOV/RPC(2012)8/REV1&docLanguage=En

    European Commission, Smart Regulation in the European Union (2010).

    United States – European Commission High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Forum, 10th Meeting, 7 and 8 June 2011.

    European Commission-United States High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Forum, Report of the 9th Meeting, December 16th 2010.

    Appellate Body Report, US- Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, ¶ 87, WTO Doc. WT/DS406/AB/R (adopted Apr. 24 2012).

    Panel Report, US- Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, ¶ 7.333, WTO Doc. WT/DS406/R (adopted Apr. 24 2012).

    Appellate Body Report, US- Tuna II (Mexico), ¶312, 322, WTO Doc. WT/DS406/R (adopted Jun. 13 2012).

    Appellate Body Report, EC-Sardines, ¶ 219-227, WTO Doc. WT/DS231/AB/R (adopted Oct. 23 2002).

    Report of the WTO Panel, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), ¶¶8.56-8.57, WTO Doc. WT/DS26/R/USA (adopted Aug. 18, 1997)

    Report of the Appellate Body, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WTO Doc. WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R (adopted Jan. 16, 1998).

    Report of the Appellate Body, Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, ¶121, WTO Doc. WT/DS18/AB/R (adopted Oct. 20, 1998).

    Report of the WTO Panel, Japan -- Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, ¶¶4.16-4.24, WTO Doc. WT/DS76/R (adopted Oct. 27, 1998).

    Report of the Appellate Body, Japan Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, ¶¶81-85, WTO Doc. WT/DS76/AB/R, (adopted Feb. 22, 1999).

    Report of the Appellate Body, European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, 93-104, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/AB/R (adopted Oct. 26, 2008).

    Report of the Appellate Body, Canada — Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, ¶ ¶135-143, WTO Doc. WT/DS142/AB/R (adopted May. 31, 2000).

    Report of WTO Panel, European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, ¶ 7.322, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/R/ECU (adopted Sep. 9, 1997).

    Report of WTO Panel, Canada — Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry ¶10.247, WTO Doc. WT/DS139/R ; WT/DS142/R (adopted Feb. 11, 2000).

    Report of WTO Panel, United States — Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, ¶2.1, WTO Doc. WT/DS285/R (adopted Nov. 10, 2004).

    (五)決議

    Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, Decisions and recommendations adopted by the TBT Committee since 1 January 1995, WTO Doc. G/TBT/1/Rev.10, p. 46-48.

    (七)條約

    Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Dec.171979, 1186 U.N.T.S. 243

    Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 U.N.T.S. 154, 33 I.L.M. 1144 (1994).

    GATT 1994:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, 33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994).

    Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 3.

    Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, preambles, Jan. 1, 1995, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 493

    General Agreement on Trade in Services , Apr.15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2, 1869 U.N.T.S. 183.

    Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Feb. 4, 2016.

    Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, Can.-E.U., Oct. 10, 2016.

    Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

    Trade In Service Agreement

    Agreement between New Zealand and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu on Economic Cooperation, 1, July 10th 2013.

    Regulatory Cooperation Arrangement on Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity Assessment between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand and the New Zealand Commerce and Industry Office

    Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership, April 19th 2014.

    (八)網站

    The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm (last visited Apr. 5, 2017).

    United States — Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes , WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds406_e.htm (last visited Apr. 5 2017).

    Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, WTO, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsund_e.htm (last visited Apr. 5 2017).

    ASEAN-OECD Good Regulatory Practice Network, OECD, http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/grpn.htm

    Shayerah Ilias Akhtar & Vivian C. Jones, Proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) : In Brief (Congressional Research Service), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43158.pdf.

    標準檢驗局網站:
    https://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1498534952940.pdf

    https://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1498534908861.pdf

    https://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1408498577925.pdf

    https://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/lp?ctNode=6283&CtUnit=2677&BaseDSD=7&mp=1

    https://www.mofa.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8742DCE7A2A28761&s=3A9D90DFA9C868D5

    金融監督管理委員會網站:
    https://www.fsc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=2&parentpath=0&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=201411050002&aplistdn=ou=news,ou=multisite,ou=chinese,ou=ap_root,o=fsc,c=tw&toolsflag=Y&dtable=News

    行政院農業委員會全球資訊網:
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    https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2502950&RWD_mode=Y&print=Y

    衛生福利部網站:
    https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-3209-23692-1.html

    http://www.mohw.gov.tw/fp-16-26429-1.html

    https://www.fda.gov.tw/tc/siteContent.aspx?sid=8994

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