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This paper aims at expounding three overlooked themes and an example—animals-guardians analogy, public use of reason, courage, and the clergymen example—of Kant’s “What is Enlightenment?”, by using a Foucauldian perspective, which involves both form and matter. At first, Kant’s progressive teleology, being a perspicuous trait in his essay, is analysed in detail in order to demonstrate Foucault’s idiosyncratic but fruitful interpretation of Kant. On the one hand, it is idiosyncratic because of outright omission of this trait; on the other, it is fruitful because Foucault puts forward his basic philosophical commitments in terms of a formal coinage of “ontology of the present”, to which any Foucauldian study have to oblige. Among his commitments, the constitution of the self is taken as the guiding thread to study three overlooked themes, with the help of other Foucault’s ideas, namely the conceptions of pastoral power, specific intellectuals, and parrēsia, by interpreting the clergymen as Kant’s constitution of the self as public users of reason.

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