自從美國聯邦通訊委員會提出行動定位技術需求之後，行動定位技術被廣泛地運
用在許多方面。本篇論文延伸二維的行動定位演算法，並且與三維虛擬基地台轉
換技術結合，提出三維行動定位演算法。演算法中的凸型最佳化問題普遍使用遞
迴式的方法來解決問題，例如：子梯度演算法，然而，遞迴式演算法最棘手的問
題是遞迴的計算之間有順序的依賴性，導致子梯度演算法的執行次數變少，進而
使得定位的精準度下降。本篇論文為此提出新的子梯度演算法，在沒有改變定位
處理器吞吐量的情況下，新的子梯度處理器可以執行較多的遞迴次數來增進定位
精準度，並且，新的子梯度處理器擁有較低的硬體複雜度，此外，新的子梯度處
理器在長時間運作下，硬體使用率趨近於100%。在本篇論文中的粒子濾波器交
替運算接收訊號功率強度，藉以提高硬體使用率為96.15%。本篇論文中針對粒
子濾波器提出功率節省的概念，並且引用文獻所提出具有休眠功能的低功率消耗
靜態隨機存取記憶體，作為粒子濾波器的粒子儲存記憶體。最後，本篇論文使用
台積電90 奈米製程實現三維行動定位處理器。

[1] S.-Y. Tsai, Mobile Positioning System Based on 3D Virtual Baes Station Transformation and Weighted Convex Optimization. Hsinchu, Taiwain: National Tsing Hua University, nov. 2012.
[2] L.-H. Huang, Mobile Positioning System Based on Particle Filtering and Convex Optimization. Hsinchu, Taiwain: National Tsing Hua University, oct. 2011.
[3] H. Jiao and V. Kursun, “Power gated sram circuits with data retention capability and high immunity to noise: A comparison for reliability in low leakage sleep mode,” SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), 2010 International, pp. 5–8, nov. 2010.
[4] “http://transition.fcc.gov/e911.”
[5] J. J. Caffery and G. L. Stuber, “Overview of radiolocation in cdma cellular systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36, pp. 38–45, 1998.
[6] I. Jami, M. Ali, and R. Ormondroyd, “Comparison of methods of locating and
tracking cellular mobiles,” in Novel Methods of Location and Tracking of Cellular Mobiles and Their System Applications (Ref. No. 1999/046), IEE Colloquium on, 1999, pp. 1/1 –1/6.
[7] M. Arulampalam, S. Maskell, N. Gordon, and T. Clapp, “A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-gaussian bayesian tracking,” Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 174 –188, feb 2002.
[8] B. Ristic, S. Arulampalm, and N. Gordon, Beyond the Kalman filter : particle filters for tracking applications. Artech House, Boston, Ma. ; London :, 2004.
[9] C. Morelli, M. Nicoli, V. Rampa, U. Spagnolini, and C. Alippi, “Particle filters for
rss-based localization in wireless sensor networks: An experimental study,” Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2006. ICASSP 2006 Proceedings. 2006 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 4, p. IV, may. 2006.
[10] W.-Y. Chiu and B.-S. Chen, “Mobile location estimation in urban areas using mixed
manhattan/euclidean norm and convex optimization,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 414 –423, jan. 2009.
[11] N. Z. Shor, K. C. Kiwiel, and A. Ruszcay`nski, Minimization methods for non-
differentiable functions. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 1985.
[12] H. M. Ahmed, J.-M. Delosme, and M. Morf, “Highly concurrent computing structure
for matrix arithmetic and signal processing,” Computer, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 65–82, jan. 1982.
[13] C. Seol and K. Cheun, “A low complexity euclidean norm approximation,” Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1721 –1726, apr. 2008.
[14] I. Paton, E. Crompton, J. Gardiner, and J. Noras, “Terminal self-location in mobile
radio systems,” in Mobile Radio and Personal Communications, 1991., Sixth International Conference on, dec 1991, pp. 203 –207.
[15] H. Hashemi, “Pulse ranging radiolocation technique and its application to channel
assignment in digital cellular radio,” in Vehicular Technology Conference, 1991. Gateway to the Future Technology in Motion., 41st IEEE, may 1991, pp. 675 –680.
[16] A. Giordano, M. Chan, and H. Habal, “A novel location-based service and architecture,”
in Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995. PIMRC’95. ’Wireless: Merging onto the Information Superhighway’., Sixth IEEE International Symposium on, vol. 2, sep 1995, pp. 853 –857 vol.2.
[17] H. Koshima and J. Hoshen, “Personal locator services emerge,” Spectrum, IEEE, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 41 –48, feb 2000.
[18] T. Kerr, “A critical perspective on some aspects of gps development and use,” in Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 1997. 16th DASC., AIAA/IEEE, vol. 2, oct 1997, pp. 9.4 –9–9.4–20 vol.2.
[19] S. Al-Jazzar, J. Caffery, and H.-R. You, “Scattering-model-based methods for
toa location in nlos environments,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 583 –593, march 2007.
[20] M. Wylie and J. Holtzman, “The non-line of sight problem in mobile location
estimation,” in Universal Personal Communications, 1996. Record., 1996 5th IEEE International Conference on, vol. 2, sep-2 oct 1996, pp. 827 –831 vol.2.
[21] S. Gezici, H. Kobayashi, and H. Poor, “Nonparametric nonline-of-sight identification,” in Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003. VTC 2003-Fall. 2003 IEEE 58th, vol. 4, oct. 2003, pp. 2544 – 2548 Vol.4.
[22] A. Sankaranarayanan, R. Chellappa, and A. Srivastava, “Algorithmic and architectural
design methodology for particle filters in hardware,” in Computer Design: VLSI in Computers and Processors, 2005. ICCD 2005. Proceedings. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, oct. 2005, pp. 275 – 280.
[23] M. McGuire, K. N. Plataniotis, and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, “Data fusion of power and time measurements for mobile terminal location,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 4, pp. 142–153, March 2005. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2005.24
[24] B. Fang, “Simple solutions for hyperbolic and related position fixes,” Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 748 –753, sep 1990.
[25] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[26] G. Marsaglia and W. W. Tsang, “The ziggurat method for generating random variables,” Journal of Statistical Software, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1–7, 10 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.jstatsoft.org/v05/i08
[27] (2010) Smims. [Online]. Available: http://www.smims.com/
[28] B. Ye and Y. Zhang, “Improved fpga implementation of particle filter for radar
tracking applications,” in Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2009. APSAR 2009. 2nd Asian-Pacific Conference on, oct. 2009, pp. 943 –946.
[29] J. U. Cho, S. H. Jin, X. D. Pham, and J. W. Jeon, “Object tracking circuit using particle filter with multiple features,” in SICE-ICASE, 2006. International Joint Conference, oct. 2006, pp. 1431 –1436.