腦造影技術的進步讓我們得以一窺人類行為之腦部活動，並造就神經科學的快速發展，作為人類行為規範之法律也因此受到了來自神經科學的挑戰。然而，觀察到人類行為「是」如何經由腦部活動所做成，與「應」如何於法律上評價其行為，兩者究屬不同層次之問題。因此，「該」如何正確地將兩者搭配謀合，並將其運用於我國死刑量刑之判斷上，乃本文所欲檢討之議題。

本文將先就腦造影技術之原理及其侷限性進行介紹，並以使用前揭技術對反社會人格違常與精神病態個體之研究為主，整理前額葉皮質與杏仁核兩區域之結構或功能異常與其行為之發現。接著從美國學術界的觀點出發，說明神經科學發現對自由意志、刑事責任與刑罰理論之挑戰與批判，再對美國司法實務上已將腦造影運用於死刑量刑判斷之案件進行觀察，並輔以學術上之檢討。最後在分析我國最高法院之死刑案件判決後，本文認為神經科學與腦造影在我國死刑案件的判斷上有個人責任、社會責任與教化可能性共三個切入點。而唯有對各切入點在死刑量刑判斷之層次有所釐清，未來在引入神經科學與腦造影作為減輕量刑之論述時，始能避免被推論至錯誤之方向。

The development of neuroimaging techniques has enabled us to watch the brain activity of human behavior, and made remarkable progress in neuroscience. The law, as the norm of human behavior, has therefore been challenged by neuroscience. However, the observation of how human behavior ‘is’ produced by brain activity and how ‘ought’ we evaluate this behavior under the law, these are two questions at different levels. Therefore, this thesis aims at reviewing how ‘should’ we cooperate the two things properly and use this in the sentencing phase of death penalty cases in Taiwan.

This thesis introduces the basis of neuroimaging techniques and its limitations at first. Then it focus on the neuroimaging studies of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopath individuals, and highlights the findings of structural or functional abnormalities of prefrontal cortex and amygdala and their behaviors. Next, it illustrates the challenges and critics of the neuroscientific findings to free will, criminal responsibility and theories of punishment from United States’ academic perspective, and observes the cases which introduced neuroimages in the capital sentencing phase in U.S. jurisdictions with academic reviews. After analyzing the death penalty cases of the Supreme Court in Taiwan, this thesis concludes that neuroscience and neuroimages can be use in the sentencing phase of death penalty cases on three points: individual responsibility, society’s responsibility, and the possibility of rehabilitation. Only the level of each point being clarify before introducing the neuroscience and neuroimages to mitigate the sentence, can it avoid being infer to the wrong direction.

中文部分

專書

David Eagleman著，蔡承志譯（2013），躲在我腦中的陌生人：誰在幫我們選擇、決策？誰操縱我們愛戀、生氣，甚至抓狂？，臺北: 漫遊者文化。
Michael S. Gazzaniga、Richard B. Ivry、George R. Mangun著，周曉林、高定國等譯（2011），認知神經科學：關于心智的生物學，北京：中國輕工業。
Michael S. Gazzaniga著，吳建昌等譯（2011），倫理的腦，臺北：原水文化。
Michael S. Gazzaniga著，鍾沛君譯（2013），我們真的有自由意志嗎？：意識、抉擇與背後的大腦科學，臺北：貓頭鷹。
Ronald J. Comer著，林美吟譯（2012），變態心理學，臺北：心理。
林山田（2008），刑法通論（下），臺北：林山田發行：元照總經銷，增訂十版。
張文貞、David T. Johnson、Saul Lehrfreund 與 Parvais Jabbar（2014），台灣死刑報告：簽署公民與政治權利公約後的國家義務。
梅錦榮（2011），神經心理學，臺北：科技圖書，第二版。
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蘇俊雄（1998），刑法總論（II），臺北：自版。
蘇俊雄（2000），刑法總論（III），臺北：自版。

專書論文

李茂生（1998），近代刑法中個人責任主義的反思，收於：權力、主體與刑事法－法邊緣的論述，頁64-91，臺北：翰蘆圖書。
李茂生（2000），刑罰制度處罰了誰？－一種左派出發的後現代思維，收於：司法與人權－民間司改研討會論文集（三），臺北：桂冠圖書。
李茂生（2008），遺傳基因與犯罪－自然科學的發現及其社會意義，收於：法務部編印，刑事政策與犯罪研究論文集（11），頁111-137，臺北：法務部。

期刊論文

吳昌衛、郭柏呈、梁庚辰（2011），跨越心與腦的鴻溝－國科會人文處MRI講習課程引介，人文與社會科學簡訊，13卷1期，頁122-133。
李茂生（2013），量刑因子的調查與辯論，法官協會雜誌，第15卷，頁100-113。
謝煜偉（2013），簡評近來有關死刑案件之最高法院判決，全國律師月刊，第17卷第7期，頁5-21。
謝煜偉（2014），「永山基準」台灣版？－死刑量刑基準的具體化／最高院102台上5251判決，台灣法學雜誌，第249期，頁212-217。
謝煜偉（2014），重新檢視死刑的應報意義，中研院法學期刊，第15期，頁1-68。
羅伃君、曾文毅（2011），腦影像技術在腦與心智醫學的應用與發展，台灣醫學，15卷4期，頁384-390。

研討會論文

謝煜偉（2013），論死刑案件量刑事由之評價：從最高法院言詞辯論常態化談起，2013最高法院死刑上訴案件言詞辯論研討會，財團法人法律扶助基金會主辦、台北律師公會人權委員會、民間司法改革基金會協辦，頁5-22。

判決

最高法院一○一年度台上字第四五○六號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第一七○號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第四四六號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第五三一號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第二三九二號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第二五七三號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第二五七五號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第四二八九號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第五一二三號判決
最高法院一○二年度台上字第五二五一號判決

網路文獻

李茂生，刑法總則講義第一冊（2012年版），http://www.law.ntu.edu.tw/main.php?mod=document&func=do_get_document&doc_id=283&site_id=0（最後瀏覽日：2014年9月1日）。
衛生福利部，有關強制性侵罪犯化學去勢是否適合推動？，http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOPS/DM1_P.aspx?f_list_no=657&fod_list_no=1168&doc_no=2458（最後瀏覽日：2014年9月1日）。
方永泉，範疇失誤，教育大辭書，2000年12月http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313920/（最後瀏覽日：2014年9月1日）。

英文部分

專書

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專書論文

Edersheim, Judith G., Brendel, Rebecca Weintraub. and Price, Bruce H. 2012. Neuroimaging, Diminished Capacity and Mitigation. Pp. 163-194 in Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom, edited by Joseph R. Simpson. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Feld, Barry C., Casey, B. J. and Hurd, Yasmin L. 2013. Adolescent Competence and Culpability: Implications of Neuroscience for Juvenile Justice Administration. Pp. 179-215 in A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience, edited by Stephen J. Morse and Adina L. Roskies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Glenn, Andrea L., Yang, Yaling. and Raine, Adrian. 2012. Neuroimaging in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Functional Significance and a Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis. Pp. 81-98 in Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom, edited by Joseph R. Simpson. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Grafton, Scott T. 2010. Has Neuroscience Already Appeared in the Courtroom?. Pp. 54-59 in A Judge's Guide to Neuroscience: A Concise Introduction, edited by Michael S. Gazzaniga. Santa Barbara, CA: SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind.
Kiehl, Kent A. 2010. Can neuroscience identify psychopaths?. Pp. 47-53 in A Judge's Guide to Neuroscience: A Concise Introduction, edited by Michael S. Gazzaniga. Santa Barbara, CA: SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind.
Morse, Stephen J. & Newsome, William T. 2013. Criminal Responsibility, Criminal Competence, and Prediction of Criminal Behavior. Pp. 150-178 in A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience, edited by Stephen J. Morse and Adina L. Roskies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Morse, Stephen J. 2004. New Neuroscience, Old Problems. Pp. 157-198 in Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind, and the Scales of Justice, edited by Brent Garland. New York: Dana Press.
Morse, Stephen J. 2013. Compatibilist Criminal Law. Pp. 107-132 in The Future Of Punishment, edited by Thomas.A. Nadelhoffer. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Nugent, Kristen M. 2012. Neuroimaging and the Constitution. Pp. 275-302 in Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom, edited by Joseph R. Simpson. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Roskies, Adina L. & Morse, Stephen J. 2013. Neuroscience and The Law: Looking Forward. Pp. 240-256 in A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience, edited by Stephen J. Morse and Adina L. Roskies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Roskies, Adina L. 2013. Brain Imaging Techniques. Pp. 37-74 in A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience, edited by Stephen J. Morse and Adina L. Roskies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Roskies, Adina L. 2013. Other Neuroscientific Techniques. Pp. 75-88 in A Primer on Criminal Law and Neuroscience, edited by Stephen J. Morse and Adina L. Roskies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Witzel, Joachim. 2012. Implications of Neuroimaging for Dangerousness Assessment. Pp. 195-200 in Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom, edited by Joseph R. Simpson. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

期刊論文

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判決
Atkins v. Virginia, 122 S.Ct. 2242 (2002).
Barefoot v. Estelle, 103 S.Ct. 3383 (1983).
Barnard v. Collins, 13 F.3d 871(5th Cir. 1994).
California v. Ramos, 103 S.Ct. 3446 (1983).
Clark v. Arizona, 126 S.Ct. 2709 (2006).
Enmund v. Florida, 102 S.Ct. 3368 (1982).
Ford v. Wainwright, 106 S.Ct. 2595 (1986).
Godfrey v. Georgia, 100 S. Ct. 1759 (1980).
Graham v. Florida, 130 S.Ct. 2011 (2010).
Grant v. Dretke, 151 Fed. Appx. 344 (5th Cir. 2005).
Gregg v. Georgia, 183, 96 S.Ct. 2909 (1976).
Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014).
Jurek v. Texas, 96 S.Ct. 2950 (1976).
Lockett v. Ohio, 98 S.Ct. 2954 (1978).
Miller v. Alabama, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (2012)
Panetti v. Quarterman, 127 S.Ct. 2842 (2007).
Penry v. Lynaugh, 109 S.Ct. 2934 (1989).
People v. Murtishaw, 48 Cal. 3d 1001 (1989)
People v. Weinstein, 591 N.Y.S.2d 715 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1992).
Roper v. Simmons, 125 S.Ct. 1183 (2005).
State of Florida v. Grady Nelson, Case No. F05-00846, 11th Judicial Circuit Court, Miami-Dade County, Florida (2010).
State v. Mercer, 672 S.E.2d 556 (S.C. 2009) (No.26582).
State v. South, 427 S.E.2d 666 (S.C. 1993).
Strickland v. Washington, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984).
Thompson v. Oklahoma, 108 S.Ct. 2687 (1988).
Tuilaepa v. California, 114 S.Ct. 2630 (1994).
United States of America v. Lorne Allan Semrau, 693 F.3d 510 (6 Cir. 2012).
United States of America v. Lorne Allan Semrau, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, No. 07–10074 (2010).
United States v. Llera Plaza, 179 F.Supp.2d 464 (E.D Pa. 2001).
Woodson v. North Carolina, 96 S.Ct. 2978 (1976).

網路文獻

Anand Giridharadas, India’s Novel Use of Brain Scans in Courts Is Debated, N.Y.TIMES, Sep. 14, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/15/world/asia/15brainscan.html
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Greg Miller, Brain Exam May Have Swayed Jury in Sentencing Convicted Murderer, Science Insider (Dec. 14, 2010), http://news.sciencemag.org/technology/2010/12/brain-exam-may-have-swayed-jury-sentencing-convicted-murderer
Greg Miller, Did Brain Scans Just Save a Convicted Murderer From the Death Penalty?, Wired (Dec.12, 2013), http://www.wired.com/2013/12/murder-law-brain/
Greg Miller, fMRI Evidence Used in Murder Sentencing, Science Insider (Nov. 23, 2009), http://news.sciencemag.org/2009/11/fmri-evidence-used-murder-sentencing
Mario D. Garrett, Brain Plasticity in Older Adults, Psychology Today (Apr. 27, 2013), http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/iage/201304/brain-plasticity-in-older-adults
Michael Haederle, A Mind of Crime, Pacific Standard (Feb. 23, 2010), http://www.psmag.com/legal-affairs/a-mind-of-crime-8440/
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U.S. Department of Justice, John Charles Mccluskey Sentenced to Life in Prison for Carjacking and Murdering Oklahoma Couple (June 3, 2014), http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2014/June/14-crm-593.html