卡群布農語的模態詞：句法特徵與分佈｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	莊岳龍 Jhuang, Yue-Long
論文名稱：	卡群布農語的模態詞：句法特徵與分佈 Sentential Modals in Takibakha Bunun: Exploring the Syntactic Properties and Distribution
指導教授：	吳曉虹 Wu, Hsiao-Hung Iris 蔡維天 Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan
口試委員:	張永利 Chang, Yung-Li Henry 劉承賢 Lau, Seng-hian
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2019
畢業學年度：	107
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	104
中文關鍵詞：	卡群布農語、模態詞、句法特徵、句法分佈
外文關鍵詞：	Takibakha Bunun, modality, syntactic function, syntactic distribution
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　　本論文的研究對象為卡群布農語的模態詞，主要聚焦於Portner (2009, 2018)所稱之「句模態詞」（sentential modality）一類，相當於傳統英語語法所說的「模態助動詞」（modal auxiliaries）。關於模態詞的討論，本文側重以下三個方面，分別是：語意分類、句法特徵、結構分佈。
　　這個研究分為六個章節。第一章包含研究動機、標的語言、發音人資訊，以及模態與模態詞之文獻回顧；第二章簡介卡社布農語的基本語法；第三章討論模態邏輯之分類，本文僅討論其中較無爭議的三類，分別是認知模態、義務模態與動力模態。此外，這一章也提供基礎語料以使讀者能夠快速理解卡社布農語的模態使用；第四章探究模態詞的句法特徵，發現三類模態詞在句中皆做為功能核心（functional head），而非指示語（specifier）；第五章從製圖理論出發，討論模態詞與其他功能投射（functional projection）之結構分佈，進而說明三類模態分別對應到補詞層、屈折層以及詞彙層；最後一章總結，並提出未來研究方向。

This thesis aims to explore modals in Takibakha. To narrow down the research range, I will investigate ‘sentential modality’ in the sense of Portner (2009, 2018), which is equivalent to ‘modal auxiliaries’ in traditional English modality research. In this study, three research issues will be addressed, including (i) the semantic classification, (ii) the syntactic properties, and (iii) the hierarchy structure.
The thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the research background, such as the definition of modality and modals. Chapter 2 is a sketch grammar of Takibakha Bunun. Chapter 3 focuses on the semantic classification of modality and provides the preliminary data of Takibakha modals. Chapter 4 is devoted to the syntactic properties of modals. It reveals that all modals act as functional heads, but not specifiers. Chapter 5 deals with the hierarchical order of different categories of modals. In that chapter, we will establish a fundamental understanding of the derivation of ordering. Besides, the cartographic approach is adopted to illustrate a map of the modal hierarchy in Takibakha. Chapter 6 is a brief conclusion of this thesis and addresses the unsolved problems to be figured out in the future.

中文摘要    i
ABSTRACT    ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS    iii
CONTENTS    iv
LIST OF TABLES    vii
LIST OF GRAPHS    ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS    x
Chapter 1    Introduction    1
1    Research motivations    1
2    Language profile and data sources    3
3    Background: ‘What is modality?’    4
3.1    Lyons (1977)    5
3.2    Perkins (1983)    6
3.3    Palmer (1986/2001)    7
3.4    Bybee et al. (1994)    8
3.5    Portner (2009, 2018)    9
3.6    Interim summary    11
4    Review of modality studies in Formosan languages    12
4.1    Modality research in other Bunun dialects    13
4.2    Modality research in other Formosan languages    15
5    The framework of this thesis    18
Chapter 2    A Sketch Grammar of Takibakha Bunun    21
1    Phonemic inventory and the orthographic system    21
2    Basic word order    23
3    Case marking    25
4    Pronominal system    28
5    Voice system    30
6    Tense and Aspect    32
6.1    Tense    33
6.2    Aspect    34
6.3    Context-dependence: the omission of tense and aspect    36
Chapter 3    The Semantic Classification of Modals    38
1    Setting the stage    38
2    The research scope of this thesis    43
3    Data: how to use modals in Takibakha Bunun    45
3.1    Epistemic modals    45
3.2    Deontic modals    48
3.3    Dynamic modals    50
3.4    Post-predicate modal ‘tupa’    50
Chapter 4    The Syntactic Properties of Modals    54
1    Setting the stage    54
2    Epistemic modals    57
2.1    Voice inflection     57
2.2    Bound pronoun attraction    58
2.3    Restricted to preverbal position    59
2.4    Tense/aspect attraction    60
2.5    Being able to be negated    63
3    Root modals (Deontic and Dynamic)    64
3.1    Voice inflection    64
3.2    Bound pronoun attraction    65
3.3    Restricted to preverbal position    66
3.4    Tense/aspect attraction    67
3.5    Being able to be negated    69
4    Interim summary    70
Chapter 5    The Hierarchy of Modals    72
1    Setting the stage    72
1.1    Hierarchical order from the cartographic approach    72
1.2    Verb-initial / Predicate-initial languages    74
2    The hierarchy of modals in Takibakha    76
2.1    A further test of linear order    76
2.2    The hierarchical order of modals    77
2.3    From the underlying to the surface: the derivation of structure    80
3    Interim summary    83
Chapter 6    Concluding Remarks    84
1    Recapitulation    84
2    Issues to be dealt with    85
REFERENCES    89

                                

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