本研究目的在比較受試者過肩投擲動作表現，藉由運動學分析探討在練習前與練習後及保留期動作型態之改變。研究方法是以十位慣用右手之七年級青少女為受試對象，進行八週共720球的原地過肩投擲練習，透過兩台高速攝影機（CASIO EX-F1,300Hz）拍攝練習前後及保留期的動作，再以動作分析軟體（Kwon 3D）擷取運動學參數，以重複量數單因子變異數分析練習前後及保留期離手球速的運動學變化，再以皮爾森積差相關探討練習前後及保留期六個關節點（右腕、右肘、右肩、右髖、右膝、左膝）最大角度、最大角速度與離手球速的關係，並以關節角角圖說明練習前後及保留期關節自由度改變的情形，統計水準定為α＝.05。研究結果顯示：一、球速對於練習前後及保留期有顯著差異（p＜.05）；二、練習後腕關節最大角度與離手球速有顯著相關、保留期肩關節最大角度、腕關節最大角度有相關（p＜.05）；三、練習前後及保留期六個關節角速度之間與離手球速皆未達顯著相關，練習後，上肢關節的角速度皆比練習前明顯增加；四、從關節角角圖中發現，經過練習後關節角角圖即呈現複雜現象，而練習前和保留期的角角圖則較為相似，練習後，腕、肘角角圖呈現關節點角度變大，而在保留期，腕、肘關節點角度，又回復到練習前的形態。

The purpose of the study was to investigate the differences among the participants in the tennis ball overarm throwing performances among different settings (before practice, after practice, and during the retention period). Ten adolescents girls were selected to serve as the subjects for this study. Each subject has to practice 720 times of tennis ball overarm throwing during eight weeks. Two Hi-Speed cameras (CASIO EX-F1, 300Hz) were used to record the throw performances. The Kwon 3D Software was applied to analyze the collected data. The ANOVA Repeated Measure was used to analyze the different initial ball speeds before practice, after practice, and during the retention period. Pearson product-moment correlation was applied to analyze the relationship between the initial ball speeds during the maxima angle and the maxima angular velocity. In additions, the angle-angle plot was also applied to explain the performance differences among different settings s. The results show that: (1) there were significant differences among different settings (before practice, after practice, and during the retention period)（p＜.05）; (2) there was significant relationship between the initial ball speeds of the maxima shoulder joint angle and the maxima wrist joint angle after practice（p＜.05）; (3) there was no significant relationship among different initial ball speeds for different settings (before practice, after practice, and during the retention period); however, the angle speeds of the upper body joints after practice are faster than those speeds before practice; (4) the angle-angle plot shows that the joint angle motions became more complicated after practice ;while the joint angle motions before practice are similar to those during the retention period. Besides, the wrist and elbow joint angles became wider after practice, but both angles came back to the previous angles (before practice) during the retention period.

引用文獻
中文部分
古國宏、黃長福、廖逢錦、蔡永川（2009）。標槍投擲時槍體受力型態及地面反作用力型態之探討。體育學報，42（4），1-12。
邱文信（2004）。結合縱貫式與橫斷式方法探討9歲到11歲兒童投擲距離表現相關因素之研究--以動態系統觀點。未出版博士論文，國立體育大學，桃園縣。
邱文信（2010）。不同助跑型式訓練對7-12 歲男童過肩投擲動作表現的影響。大專體育學刊12（1），11-20。
邱文信、陳五洲（2003）。影響9-12 歲兒童過肩投擲距離表現因素之研究。大專體育，5（1），139-148。
朱治華(2004)。視覺引導對兒童投擲動作的發展效應。未出版碩博士論文，國立臺灣體育學院，臺中巿。
李彩華、方進隆（1998）。國中學生身體活動量與體適能相關因素研究。體育學報，25 ，139-148。
林俊龍（2006）。棒球投手練習過程的下肢動作協調。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣體育學院，台中市。
林清和（2006）。運動學習程式學二版。台北縣：泰宇出版社。
洪玉山、翁梓林（2007）。棒球投擲表現之生物力學探討。國北教大體育，2，1-6。
胡名霞（2006）。動作控制與動作學習(第二版)。台北市：金名圖書。
李良標（1991）。運動生物力學，北京體育學院出版社（北京）。
李易潔、陳妙瑋、嚴雅婷、劉有德（2007）。選手與一般人在投擲不同高低目標手部關節的差異。2007國立台東大學國際體育學術研討會海報發表。
李宏展（2003）。國小六年級學童投擲技巧認知概念與動作型式對投擲距離之影響。未出版碩士論文，國立體育大學，桃園縣。
吳再富 邱宏達（2002）。舉重挺舉上挺動作要領之分析。運動生物力學研究彙刊（1），35-36。
郭乾佑、邱文信、王智弘（2011）。不同水準女性青少年投擲動作型態與足底壓力差異之探討。屏東教大體育，14，236-243。
陳志彬（2009）。優秀及次優秀籃球選手原地跳投動作協調分析。未出版碩士論文，國立體育大學，桃園縣。
陳建汎（2004）。手榴彈投擲之運動學分析-不同經驗投擲者之比較。未出版碩士論文，國立體育大學，桃園縣。
陳妙瑋（2009）。壘球擲準動作之運動學分析。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
曾祥倫（2008）。國小學童助跑步法練習前後對遠距離投擲動作與距離之影響。未出版碩士論文，國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
黃壬要（2004）。苗栗市高中學生課後運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。未出版之碩士論文。國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
楊淑萍（2005）。田徑投擲項目最後用力技術分析。青海師範大學學報，2005（3），99-100。
楊聯聰（2009）。網球不同落點發球動作型態與前線索之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立台東教育大學，台東縣。
黃君潔(2008)。變異練習與恆常練習對國小學童壘球擲準技能表現之研究。未出版碩博士論文，國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
張文忠（2004）。棒球投手的投球技能指導觀念淺論。大專體育，75，47-51。
張勇銓、蔡政杰（2007）。過肩投擲動作之生物力學探討。國北教大體育，2，93-102。
賴世炯、卓俊伶（2000）：力量變異對飛鏢投擲動作表現的影響，體育學報，29，169-177。
鄭光志、劉有德（2007）。羽球雙打短發球變異性分析。2007國立台東大學國際體育學術研討會海報發表。
劉卉（2004）。上肢鞭打動作技術原理的生物力學研究。体育科学，24（11），30-36。
劉于詮、陳五洲、黃泰源（2005）。不同重量球體對過肩投擲中肢段的移動序列性移動速度以及球速之影響。大專體育學刊，7(3)，245-258。
謝宗諭、劉有德（2007）。生物動作與運動。中華體育季刊，21(2)，64-74。
鍾興耀（2008）。手臂投擲動作對迴旋鏢迴旋的影響研究。未出版碩士論文，國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
英文部分
Adams, J.A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 3, 111-150.
Bernstein, N. (1967). The coordination and regulation of movements. Oxford. England: Pergamon Press.
Cutting, J. E., & Proffitt, D. R. (1982). The minimum principle and the perception of absolute, common, and relative Motions. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 211-246.
Dun, S., Fleisig, G. S., Loftice, J. W., Kingsley, D. S., & Andrews, J. R. (2007). Therelationship between age and baseball pitching kinematics in professional baseball pitchers. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 265-270.
Elliott, B., Grove, J, R, Gibson, B. and Thurston, B.（1986）AThree-Dimensional Cinematographic Analysis of the Fastball and Curveball Pitchesin Baseball.International Journal of Sport Biomechanic, 2, 20 - 28.
Ericsson, K. (2001). The path to expert golf performance: Insights from the masters on how to improve by deliberate practice. In P. Thomas (Ed.), Optimizing per for mance in golf (pp.1-58). Brisbane,Australia: Australian Academic Press.
Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human performance. Belmoont, CA:Brooks/Cole.
Fleisig, G.S., Escamilla, R.F., Andrews, J.R., Matsuo, T. Satterwhite,Y. & Barrentine, S.W. (1996). Kinematic and kinetic comparison between baseball pitching and football passing. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 12, 207-224.
Gallahue D. L., Ozmun J. C. (2002). Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults (5th ed.) .Singapore：McGraw-Hill.
Gallahue, D. L. (2002). Developmental physical education for today’ s children (3rd ed.). NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
Halverson, L. E., & Roberton, M. A. (1979). The effects of instruction on overhand throwing development in children. In G. Roberts & K. Newell(Eds. ), Psychology of Motor Behavior And Sport-1978. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Haken, H., Kelso, J. A. S., & Bun, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics, 51, 347-356.
Hore, J., & Watts, S. (2005). Timing finger opening in overarm throwing based on a spatial representation of hand path. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93(6), 3189-3199.
Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 201-211.
Jegede, E., Watts, S., Stitt, L., & Hore, J. (2005). Timing of ball release in overarm throws affects ball speed in unskilled but not skilled individuals. Journal Sports Sciences, 23(8), 805-816.
Kreighbaum E. & Barthels K. M. (1996): Biomechanics qualitative approach for studying human movement, Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
Kugler, N. P., Kelso, J. A. S., & Turvey, M. T. (1980). On the concept of coordinative structures as dissipative structures: I. Theoretical lines of convergence. Tutorials in Motor Behavior, G. E. Stelmach and J. Requin, eds., North-Holland Publishing Company.
Loftice, J. W., Fleisig, G. S., Zheng, N., & Andrews, J. R. (2004). Biomechanics of elbow in sports. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 23(4), 519-530.
Luedlke, G. C. (1980). Range of motion as the focus of teaching the overhand throwing pattern to children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
McIntyre, D. R. & Pfautsch, E.W. (1982). A kinematic analysis of the baseball batting swing involved in opposite-field and same-field hitting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53, 206-213.
Moore, J. (1980). Neuroanatomical considerations relating to recovery of function following brain injury. In P. Bach-y-Rita (ed.), Recovery of Function:Theoretical Consideration for Brain Injury Rehabilitation(pp.9-90). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Newell, K. M. (1985). Coordination, control, and skill. In D. Goodman, R.B. Wilberg, & I.M. Franks (Eds.), Differing perspectives in motor learning, memory,and control (pp. 295-317). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Payne, V. G., & Isaacs, L. D. (2002). Human motor development : A lifespan approach (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Robinson, L. E., Goodway, J. D., Hugo, J., & Williams, E. J. (2006). Gender differences in developmental trajectories of overarm throwing in preschool children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77(Suppl 1), A-47.
Sabick, M. B., Torry, M. R., Kim, Y. K., & Hawkins, R. J. (2004). Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 892-898.
Schmidt, R. A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225-260.
Shapiro, D. (1981). Autonomy and rigid character. New York: Basic Books.
Southard, D., & Higgins, T. (1987). Changing movement patterns: Effects of demonstration and practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58, 77-80.
Stodden, D. F., Fleisig, G. S., McLean, S. P., & Andrews, J. R. (2005). Relationship of biomechanical factors to baseball pitching velocity: within pitcher variation. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 21(1), 44-56.
Turvey, M. T. (1990). Coordination. American Psychologist, 45, 938-953.
Vereijken, B., van Em merik, R. E. A., Whiting, H. T. A., & Newell, K. M. (1992). Free(z)ing degrees of freedom in skill acquisition. Journal of Motor Behavior, 24, 133-142.
Van den Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2007). A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Overarm Throwing in Experienced Handball Players. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 23, 12-19.
Werner, S.L., Fleisig, G.S., Dillman, C.J., & Andrews, J.R.(1993). Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 17, 274-278.