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研究生： 邱力璟
Chiu, Liching Livy
論文名稱： The Phrasal Empty Categories in Mandarin Chinese
漢語的詞組性空範疇
指導教授： 蔡維天
Tsai, Wei-Tian Dylan
口試委員: 林若望
Lin, Jo-Wang
劉辰生
Liu, Cheng-Sheng
林宗宏
Lin, T.-H. Jonah
張寧
Zhang, Niina Ning
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所
Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年： 2011
畢業學年度： 99
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 201
中文關鍵詞： 刪略 、空範疇 、切割結構 、名詞組刪略 、動詞組刪略 、謂語 、附加問句
外文關鍵詞： ellipsis, empty category, sluicing, NP ellipsis, VP ellipsis, predication, tag question
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    • The aim of this study is to explore the so-called ellipsis phenomena in Chinese. Under the model of generative grammar, we examine ellipsis of different syntactic categories. It is concluded that only empty DP and CP constituents are referential, denoting references in certain syntactic configurations. Other constituents like VP and NP are not so much referential and their ellipsis can be derived by the rules of PF deletion. This distinction is attributed to the reasoning that “items/individuals” and “propositions” are more likely to denote referential entities. They are, thus, more likely to appear in pro-form or Pro in natural languages. Other elements like properties, events, or descriptions are prone to be generated in the PF component.

    The organization of this thesis is as follows. Chapter 1 is a review of the literature. We discuss three families of analyses, as well as ellipsis of different categories – NP (Wasow1972; Saito & Murasugi 2004), VP (Zagona1998), IP (Merchant 2001; CLM 1995), and others. This discussion is followed by a review of Chinese empty nominals (Huang 1984; Xu 1986; Li 2007), empty pro-forms (Lobeck 1995; Li 2008), and deletion (Merchant 2001; Aelbrecht 2009). Chapter 2 discusses the empty phrasal category of NP. The discontinuous empty phrasal categories suggest an account of PF deletion inside the Chinese DP. Chapter 3 analyzes the ellipsis of light verb complements. It is argued that VP is the deletion domain and PF deletion is the way to derive it. Light-verb-stranding VPE is attested in Chinese. Chapter 4 discusses the non-existence of IP-sized empty categories. The apparent sluicing constructions are accounted for by either wh-predication to an empty subject pro, or deletion within the pseudo-cleft construction. Chapter 5 analyzes tag questions. Two types of tag questions indicate the existence of to empty categories of CPs, and their properties are examined. Chapter 6 concludes the thesis.

    本篇論文主旨在討論漢語的數種刪略現象，根據不同的句法範域，檢視不同大小的「詞組性空範疇」，將以往廣泛討論的刪略現象(ellipsis)納入到生成語法的其中一個部門內討論。在生成語法的基模之下，我們認為各種範域的空範疇當中，只有指示詞組(DP)以及補語詞組(CP)為指代詞性質元素，而其他如動詞組(VP)或名詞組(NP)的空範疇，則可由音韻部門刪略來衍生。這樣的分布原因在於，「個體」和「命題」一般分別體現為指示詞組及補語詞組，而「個體」和「命題」 最有可能有指射性(referential)的特性，在自然語言當中自然體現為空代詞或空代號(pro-form)。其他的成份如「性質」、「描述」、「事件」等，則能夠為刪略(ellpsis)現象，體現在自然語言當中。這樣的分別，讓我們可以知道不同的語言結構元素如何對應到不同性質的空範疇，而自然衍生不同的性質。

    本論文章節分布大致如下：第一章為文獻回顧，首先討論以往分析刪略現象的三種派別：空結構、語意拷貝、音韻刪略。再區分名詞組、動詞組、時制詞組、曲屈詞組等分別在西方文獻的討論。接下來討論漢語當中空代號以及刪略現象討論的文獻。第二章討論名詞組(NP)大小的成份，討論其由音韻刪略衍生的可能性。主要的論證在於不連續性空代號的詮釋，以及音韻前行語的必要。第三章討論輕動詞補語的音韻刪略現象，證實輕動詞允可的刪略範域為動詞組(VP)。我們運用移位測試和語境前行語測試肯定音韻刪略的性質。第四章討論中文沒有曲折詞組大小的刪略，類似疑問詞刪略的句式有兩種生成方式：其一為疑問詞謂語修飾空主語(Wei2004)，其二為準分裂句當中的主語發生刪略，兩者皆認為遺留在表面的移位詞組是謂語。第五章討論中文的後附語(Tag question)，認為其中涉及補語詞組的空範疇，並詳細檢視後附語句式的性質。第六章總結並討論理論的意涵。

    TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 THE PHRASAL EMPTY CATEGORIES IN CHINESE 9 CHAPTER 0. INTRODUCTION 9 0.1 Setting the Stage 9 0.2 Thesis Statement 14 0.3 Organization 17 0.4 Methodology and Perspective 17 CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 20 1.1 The Phrasal Empty Categories: pro-Form or Deletion? 20 1.2 Various Nominal pro-Forms 23 1.2.1 A-bar Bound Variable 24 1.2.2 Free Empty Category 25 1.2.3 True Empty Category (TEC) 26 1.3 non-NP pro-Forms 27 1.3.1 Lobeck (1995) 27 1.4 Deletion 27 1.4.1 Merchant (2001) 27 1.4.2 Aelbrecht (2009) 28 1.4.3 Saito, Lin, and Murasugi (2008) 29 CHAPTER 2. DP-INTERNAL EMPTY CATEGORY 31 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Setting the Stage 33 2.2.1 The R-Expression Properties (of Reference Denoting) 34 2.2.2 Deletion or Pronominals? 36 2.2.3 Complexity of the Chinese DP 40 2.3 The Deleted Constituent 44 2.3.1 Chinese DNC Order & the Licensing Condition 44 2.3.1.1 Restrictions on the Position of the Antecedent 48 2.3.2 Three Kinds of de in Nominals and Deletion Domain 51 2.3.2.1 One de Modification 51 2.3.2.2 Stacking: Two de Modifications 56 2.3.3 To Solve the Problem 61 2.4 Antecedent 64 2.5 Concluding Remarks 69 CHAPTER 3. VP ELLIPSIS 70 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Literature Review of VP Ellipsis 72 3.2.1 Two Types of Light Verbs and VPE 73 3.2.2 Four Types of VPE (Wu 2002) 76 3.2.3 Modals and VPE 78 3.3 A VPE or NOC-like Construction 80 3.4 Diagnostics for Real SM Operations 85 3.4.1 The Extraction Test 85 3.4.2 Pragmatic Control / Linguistic Antecedent 90 3.5 On Domain (or constituency) 94 3.5.1 Head licensing / “Isidore’s diagnostic” 95 3.5.2 Outer Tests for Deletion Domain 97 3.6 Concluding Remarks 103 CHAPTER 4. IP PREDICATION AND SLUICING IN CHINESE 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 Literature Review 107 4.2 Predication Analysis 108 4.2.1 An Explanation for the Violation of MDP 110 4.2.2 An Explanation for Island Repair 113 4.2.2.1 Merger 118 4.2.2.2 Spelling-Out the Sluicing Construction 120 4.3 Toward A Second Analysis 122 4.3.1 More Observations 122 4.3.2 Focus Fronting 127 4.3.3 Derivation from the Cleft Construction 128 4.3.4 Derivation from the Pseudo-Cleft 136 4.4 The shi-Type of Empty IP and Multiple Remnant Sluicing 144 4.5 Concluding Remarks 148 CHAPTER 5. CP PRO-FORM IN TAG QUESTIONS 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Three Observations on the Form 153 5.2.1 Subject 153 5.2.2 Polaritive Negation 154 5.2.3 Verbal Elements 155 5.2.4 Proposal 159 5.3 Predicate Tags: Verbal Tag Questions 159 5.4 Syntactic Analysis of Invariable Tag Questions 163 5.4.1 Distribution 163 5.4.2 Polaritive Negative as Affirmative Response to a Proposition 167 5.4.3 Periphery Elements 169 5.4.3.1 FORCE: CP-pro is Discourse-related 170 5.5 Antecedent 177 5.6 Theoretical Implications 179 5.6.1 English Tag Questions 179 5.6.2 On the Empty Phrasal Categories 180 5.7 Concluding Remarks 182 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 183 REFERENCES 187

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