漢語次要謂語研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	林姃炫 Jeong-Hyun Lim
論文名稱：	漢語次要謂語研究 Secondary Predicates in Chinese
指導教授：	蔡維天 Wei-Tien Dylan Tsai 湯志真 Chih-Chen Jane Tang
口試委員:
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	210
中文關鍵詞：	次要謂語、結果補語、描述補語、描繪補語、評估補語
外文關鍵詞：	secondary predicates, resultatives, descriptives, depictives, evaluatives
相關次數：	點閱：1 下載：0
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論文摘要

本論文將對於漢語次要謂語結構進行精密的考察，並旁及英語與韓語中的相關現象，以力求解釋下列兩項核心議題：(一) 漢語次要謂語的句法結構與語意詮釋、(二) 不同語言類型中次要謂語的認可機制(licensing mechanism)。
有鑑於種種句法測驗，本論文指出，次要主語(secondary subject)的屬性在決定次要謂語的內部結構時扮演關鍵角色。根據次要主語的被選擇性(selectedness)與否結果次要謂語(resultatives)的內部結構可分為控制結構(control construction)與小子句結構(small clause construction); 並且，按照空的(empty)次要主語的不同屬性，表面上相同的V得結構可再細分為描述次要謂語(descriptives)與評估次要謂語(evaluatives)。本論文也從句法與詞法的平行關係來探討了V得結構與VV複合動詞之間的相關關係。
秉持著理論句法的原則參數方法(principles-and-parameters approach)，本論文先從準確描寫漢、英、韓語次要謂語裡所見的普遍屬性著手，再進一步檢討個別語言特殊的種種語法現象，來嘗試給予條理化的闡釋。尤其本論文著重考察赤裸結果次要謂語(bare resultatives)的認可限制與描繪次要謂語(depictives)的出現分佈，來指出語言特殊的不同事象認可(event licensing)與詞組結構規律就導致漢、英、韓語次要謂語之間的差異。

ABSTRACT

This thesis deals with the syntax and semantics of Chinese secondary predicate construction with comparative extension to English and Korean. The primary issue of this thesis, then, is twofold. First, we investigate the syntactic representations and semantic interpretations of the distinct subtypes of Chinese secondary predicates, focusing on the status and the nature of the secondary subject. Various syntactic tests present convincing arguments that both control construction and small clause construction are involved in the internal structure of resultatives according to the selectedness of the secondary subject; besides, the superficially same but actually different subtypes of Chinese secondary predicates, such as descriptives and evaluatives, are attributed to the different nature of the empty subject and the licensing mechanism of it. A special attention is also given to the correlation between the V-de construction and its corresponding V-V compound on the basis of the parallelism between the sentence-syntax and word-syntax in Chinese.
Second, we examine several properties peculiar to the secondary predicate construction, and try to provide a principled explanation for deriving cross-linguistic variations seen among Chinese, English and Korean. We argue that both resultatives and depictives share common syntactic and semantic properties among those three languages, but the actual realization of them, such as distributional asymmetries of depictives and the restriction on the occurrence of bare resultatives, may be different depending on the language-specific phrase structure rule and event licensing mechanism.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Chapter 1. Preliminaries

1 Two Main Issues      1
2 Some Basic Properties of Secondary Predicates       7
2.1 Templates and Categorial Types of Secondary Predicates            7
2.2 Formal Condition on Secondary Predication                  10
2.3 Primary vs. Secondary Predicates                      13
2.4 Transitive vs. Intransitive Resultative Constructions              19
2.5 Summary                                  25
3 Outline of the Thesis     27


Chapter 2. Syntax and Semantics of
        The Resultative Secondary Predicate

1 Previous Analyses on the Structure of Resultatives                  29
1.1 Complex Predicate and Control Construction: Huang (1992)           29
1.2 Small Clause Construction: Sybesma (1999)                   33
1.3 Dualistic Structures based on the Lexical Semantics: Li (1998)           35
2 Substance of the Secondary Subject                           39
2.1 Secondary Subject in Korean Resultatives                   39
2.2 Secondary Subject in English Resultatives                   44
2.3 Secondary Subject in Chinese Resultatives                   47
2.4 Consequences and Some Related Issues                      55
2.4.1 The Priority of the Secondary Subject                   55
2.4.2 Unaccusative Hypothesis and the DOR                   59
        2.2.4.2.1 The Phenomena                           59
        2.2.4.2.2 Resultatives with Additional/Unselected NP           62
        2.2.4.2.3 Remaining Questions on Bare Resultatives           69
3 Event-into-Structure and the Function of Chinese DE                   73
3.1 Semantics of Resultatives: Delimiting Event                   73
3.1.1 Argument-Dependent Event Structure                   73
3.1.2 Resultatives and Telicity                      75
3.2 Language Typology based on the Event Structure               76
3.3 Chinese as a D-language                           79
3.3.1 Evidence for D-language                       79
3.3.2 Event Make-up Function of DE                       82
        2.3.3.2.1 Existing Analyses on the Syntactic Status of Chinese DE     82
        2.3.3.2.2 DE as Delimiter                           84
3.4 Korean as an I-language                           88
        2.3.4.1 Criteria for I-languages                       88
3.4.2 Single Delimiting Constraint                       89
3.4.3 The Grammatical Function of GE                   91
3.5 Event Licensing and the Occurrence of Bare Resultatives               92


Chapter 3. Making a Difference:
        Diversity of the Chinese V-de Construction

1 Subdivision of the Chinese V-de Construction                      96
2 Syntactic Differences among the Three Types of the V-de Constructions     100
2.1 The Presence of the Secondary Subject                     100
2.2 Categorial Type                              100
2.3 Topicalization and Relativization                      102
2.4 The Ba-/ Bei-construction                          104
2.5 Verb Copying                                  105
2.6 Causativization                                 106
2.7 Summary and Additional Remarks                     108
3 Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Structure?                      111
3.1 V-de Takes Clausal Complement                      111
3.2 Some Doubts                                  112
4 The Nature of the Empty Subject                          116
4.1 Resultatives: Generalized Control Theory and Pro              116
4.2 Descriptives: Event as a kind of Generalized Control              118
4.3 Evaluatives: Context-bound Variable                      121
5 Licensing Conditions on the Secondary Predicates                  125
5.1 Formal Condition on Predication                      125
5.2 Licensing of the Chinese Secondary Predicates                  126





Chapter 4. Secondary Predicates
        in Chinese Sentence-syntax and Word-syntax

1 Coverage of the Chapter                              128
2 Defining Sentence-syntax and Word-syntax                      133
2.1 The Definition                                   133
2.2 Properties Peculiar to Word-syntax                      133
3 Parallelism between Sentence-syntax and Word-syntax              136
3.1 An Overview                                  136
3.2 Transitivity                                  137
3.3 Topicalization and Relativization                      138
3.4 The Ba-/Bei-construction                          140
3.5 Verb Copying                                  141
3.6 Causativization                                     141
3.7 Productivity                                  142
3.8 Semantic Ambiguity                              143
4 Deriving Complex Predicates                          145
4.1 The Formation of V-V Sequences                      145
4.2 Some Consequences                              149
4.2.1 Transitivity and Causativity                      149
4.2.2 Semantic Ambiguity                          153
4.2.3 Productivity                              154
5 Cross-linguistic Perspectives                             156
5.1 Restrictions on the Formation of Complex Predicates in Korean         156
5.2 The Absence of the English V-V Compound                 157


Chapter 5. The Depictive Secondary Predicate:
        Predication and Modification

1 Depictives vs. Resultatives                             161
1.1 Semantic Differences                             161
1.2 Syntactic Differences and Structural Positions of Depictives         163
2 Problems of Depictives in Chinese                         168
2.1 Distribution of Object-oriented Depictives                 168
2.2 Confusion with Adverbial Expressions                     175
3 Chinese Depictives: Predicate or Modifier?                     179
3.1 Literature Review                             179
3.1.1 Depictives as Syntactic Predicates                  179
3.1.2 Depictives as Adverbial Modifiers                 182
3.2 A Mixture: Depictives as Predicative Adverbials                 185
3.2.1 Predicative Nature                         185
3.2.2 Adverbial Nature                         188
3.2.3 Depictives as Predicative Adverbials and Related Issues         192
3.2.4 Case Study of Korean                         195
4 Adjunct-Complement Dichotomy in Chinese                     199


References                                     203

                                

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