在過去的十年中，Bi2Se3由於其獨特的結構特性已成為各種應用中極具發展潛力的材料。Bi2Se3鍵結由Bi和Se原子之間的五個共價鍵組成，具有菱形晶胞的Se-Bi-Se-Bi-Se排列。Bi2Se3 的獨特結構特徵提供具吸引力的電子和光學特性，因此開拓了在不同領域之中的應用，例如：光電探測、超快激光、癌症治療和熱電材料。Bi2Se3是一種具有較低能帶隙（0.3eV）的半導體，這促使我們進一步探索其在各種應用中的潛能。
工程奈米材料對滅菌和有機污染物的降解在生產安全和清潔飲用水中是非常有效的方法，因此非常需要開發可以充當NIR光介導的抗微生物劑以及光催化劑的新奈米材料，用以解決相關問題。本研究中通過高溫反應（膠體合成）製備新的奈米材料Bi2Se3奈米板(NPs)，然後通過靜電相互作用在表面上用聚乙烯亞胺（PEI）包覆。開發的Bi2Se3 NPs / PEI表現出優異的NIR光活化抗菌性能及光催化性質可應用於殺菌和染料降解的等領域中。結果顯示，透過808 nm之紅外雷射光照射，Bi2Se3 NPs / PEI通過聯合雙模式光熱療法（PTT）和光動力療法（PDT）在10 min照射下分別透過產生熱和活性氧物質，得以根除近99 ％的金黃色葡萄球菌和近97 ％的大腸桿菌，PTT和PDT在殺死兩種細菌中的比例接近4:1。此外，Bi2Se3 NPs / PEI在配備700-1100 nm濾光片的鹵素燈照射下也可作為優異的光催化劑，鹵素燈分別照射亞甲基藍與羅丹明B溶液3小時及4小時後，對亞甲基藍的降解效率約為95 ％，羅丹明B的降解效率約為93 ％，本研究首次證明Bi2Se3 NPs以NIR光活化抗菌性能、光動力學性質及光催化性能。
除此之外，如類石墨烯的無機層狀材料已成為新穎且應用廣泛的奈米材料。由於它們的厚度依賴的物理性質，它們在層狀剝落的二維晶體方面引起了巨大的科學興趣，在各種工業和技術領域有具吸引力的新應用。本研究中開發了一種低維硒化鉍NPs功能化氧化石墨烯改性Pt電極（Bi2Se3 NPs / GO / Pt），抗壞血酸（AA）存在下可同時測定L-多巴胺（LD）和對乙醯氨基酚（ACT）且具有良好的靈敏度。製備的電極在LD和ACT的電子轉移反應中顯示出快速加速，而在AA共存下沒有任何顯著干擾。在0.1 M磷酸鹽緩衝液中，所開發的生物傳感器在LD和ACT循環伏安法訊號中顯示出比pH 6.0的未改性Pt電極分別增強6倍和5倍。DPV數據顯示在最佳條件下，獲得的陽極峰值電流與LD和ACT濃度在0.006-0.25和0.0045-0.14 mM範圍內呈現良好的線性關係，陽極峰值電位分別為+0.25和+0.52V。 LD和ACT的訊雜比均為3，偵測極限為0.001和0.0005 mM，具有良好的電極內和電極間再現性。製作的傳感器具有製備方便、穩定性佳、對LD和ACT測定靈敏度高等優點，為證明了修飾電極的適用性，用於同時測定市售藥物和合成尿樣品中的LD和ACT。
此外，氧化石墨烯（GO）由於其生物相容性、低毒性、親水性和易於官能化而受到極大關注。近年來氧化石墨烯量子點（GOQDs）用於各種應用中。然而，GOQDs的合成通常需要濃強酸，並且耗時長。在本研究中開發了一種簡單易用的一鍋化微波輔助合成法，以黑碳作為起始物和H2O2作為氧化劑合成GOQDs，這種新方法合成GOQDs需要2分鐘。合成的GOQDs表現出優異的體外和體內生物相容性，並且亦將其應用於生物顯影中。

Over the last decade, Bi2Se3 has become a promising material in various kinds of applications owing to its unique structural properties. The bond structure of Bi2Se3 consists of five covalent bonds between the Bi and Se atoms like Se-Bi-Se-Bi-Se arrangement with rhombohedral unit cell. The unique structural features of Bi2Se3 can offer an attractive electronic and optical properties thus opens up in different fields such as photodetection, ultrafast lasers, cancer treatment, and thermoelectric materials. The Bi2Se3 is a semiconductor with lower energy band gap (0.3eV). This motivated us to explore its potency in various applications.
Inactivation of bacteria and degradation of organic pollutants by engineered nanomaterials (NMs) are very effective approaches in producing safe and clean drinking water. Development of new NMs which can act as NIR light mediated antimicrobial agents as well as photocatalytic agents is highly required. Here with this motivation in this study, a novel NM Bi2Se3 nanoplates (NPs) were prepared by high-temperature reaction (colloidal synthesis) followed by wrapping with polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the surface through electrostatic interaction. The developed Bi2Se3 NPs/PEI exhibited excellent NIR light activated antimicrobial properties for bacterial eradication and efficient photocatalytic properties for organic dye degradation. The results showed that upon 808 nm laser irradiation the engineered Bi2Se3 NPs/PEI eradicated ∼99% of S. aureus and ∼97% of E. coli bacteria within 10 min irradiation through combined dual modal photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) via the generation of heat and reactive oxygen species, respectively. The contribution of PTT and PDT was found to be nearly 4:1 ratio in killing both bacteria. In addition, Bi2Se3 NPs/PEI also acted as an excellent photocatalyst under illumination by a halogen lamp equipped with a 700-1100 nm band pass filter to achieve degradation efficiencies of ∼95% for methylene blue and ∼93% for Rhodamine B within 3 and 4 h, respectively. This is the first demonstration on the NIR light activated antimicrobial property, photodynamic property and photocatalytic property mediated by Bi2Se3 NPs.
Further, Inorganic layered materials such as “graphene-like” inorganic analogues, have emerged as a new and versatile source of nanomaterials. Due to their thickness-dependent physical properties they have drawn an enormous scientific interest as regards their exfoliated two-dimensional crystals to attractive new applications in various industrial and technological sectors. In this study, we developed a low dimensional bismuth selenide NPs functionalized graphene oxide modified Pt electrode (Bi2Se3 NPs/GO/Pt) and used for the ultra-sensitive simultaneous determination of L-dopa (LD) and acetaminophen (ACT) in presence of ascorbic acid (AA) in different pharmaceutical samples. The fabricated electrode showed rapid acceleration in electron transfer reactions of LD and ACT without any significant interference in presence of an electro-active coexistent compound AA. The developed biosensor exhibited 6-fold and 5-fold enhancement in the cyclic voltammetry for LD and ACT signal than the bare Pt at pH 6.0 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The DPV data showed that under optimal conditions, the obtained anodic peak currents were linearly dependent on the LD and ACT concentrations in the range of 0.006–0.25 and 0.0045–0.14 mM at anodic peak potentials of +0.25 and +0.52 V, respectively. A low detection limits of 0.001 and 0.0005 mM were achieved with signal to noise ratio of 3 for both LD and ACT respectively with good intra- and inter- electrode reproducibility. The fabricated sensor offered numerous advantages such as convenient preparation, good stability and high sensitivity towards LD and ACT determination. The applicability of the modified electrode was also demonstrated for simultaneous determination of LD and ACT in commercially available pharmaceutical and in synthetic urine samples.
In addition, Graphene oxide (GO) attained great attention owing to its biocompatibility, low toxicity, hydrophilic nature and ease of functionalization. Recently, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) were used in various applications. However, synthesis of GOQDs often necessitates strong concentrated acid, and takes a long time. In this study, we developed a simple and facile one-pot microwave assisted method for the synthesis of GOQDs by using black carbon as a precursor and H2O2 as a facile oxidant. The synthesis of GOQDs by this new methodology took 2 min. The synthesized GOQDs exhibited excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The bioimaging studies were also performed.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 5
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