台灣絨螯蟹（Eriocheir formosa Chan, Hung and Yu, 1995）俗稱青毛蟹，目前僅分布於臺灣東部與西南部，是重要的水產資源。其春夏之際降海生殖洄游的習性，與同屬的其他種類在秋冬季節降海的習性不同。因此台灣絨螯蟹除了具有高經濟性外亦有學術研究價值。
本研究利用PCR sequencing等技術，以粒線體核酸之細胞色素氧化脢I (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, COI) 序列前段602bp，作為台灣絨螯蟹的分子標誌(molecular marker)。利用此分子標誌探討本島台灣絨螯蟹族群的遺傳多樣性(genetic diversity) 與遺傳結構。
分析台灣東北部到西南部的88隻台灣絨螯蟹個體，結果在序列鹼基對比例方面，A 所佔比例為25.9%，T 佔35.38%，C 佔20.4%，G 佔18.27%。A+T=61.28%，呈現A-T rich的現象。全部標本共得到23個基因型，分散於所有族群中。單倍體基因多樣性指數 (Haplotype diversity, h) 為0.73093，核苷酸多樣性指數( Nucleotide diversity, π ) 為0.00185。高的h值和低的π值顯示族群曾經經歷過瓶頸效應，之後接著迅速的族群擴張。Tajima's D和Fu and Li's D均呈現負值，進一步證明台灣絨螯蟹族群曾經經歷過族群擴張。以Neighbor-joining法進行台灣絨螯蟹的親緣關係樹建構，其bootstrap 值均小於70，顯示無明顯分群現象。遺傳分化指數(Fst)接近零，另外基因交流指數(Nm)趨於無限大，顯示族群間幾乎無分化且族群間基因交流程度很高。另外經由分子時鐘計算推測，台灣絨螯蟹約於5.3~7.51百萬年前，從大陸來到台灣。並研判近岸流可能是促使不同水系台灣絨螯蟹基因交流的主要原因。

The green mitten crab, Eriocheir formosa, is endemic to Taiwan. Its sea-ward reproductive migration period occurs between spring and summer unlike that for other species of Eriocheir which migrate during autumn-winter . Therefore, it has high commercial value and is also an important subject for academic studies.
The aim of this study was to obtain the molecular marker (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, COI) from E. formosa and to analyse the genetic diversity and population genetic structure for different groups in Taiwan.
In the present study, we analysed 602 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene from 88 specimens collected from the Northeast to the Southwest of Taiwan. The studied segment of COI sequence is A-T rich (A: 25.9%, T: 35.38%, C: 20.4%, and G: 18.27%)。
The haplotype diversity (h) was found to be 0.73093 with a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.00185, indicating the population of E. formosa had met a population bottleneck effect and population expansion event. The negative values of Tajima’s D test support the population expansion event. Pairwise Fst values and high gene flow revealed a low level of isolation between populations and molecular dating implied E. formosa first appeared in Taiwan around 7.51~ 2.92 million years ago.

引用文獻
孔曉瑜、喻子牛、劉亞軍、高天翔、武雲飛。2001。中華絨螯蟹與日本絨螯蟹線粒體COI基因片段的序列比較研究。青島海洋大學學報，31(6): 861 -866。
林銘崇、李文錫。1980。近岸流系。科學月刊。
邱高峰、徐巧婷、王麗卿、陳雪菁。2001。四種絨螯蟹分子分類與系統發育。動物分類學報，47(6): 640-647。
姜善鑫。2000。揭開福爾摩沙的面紗－台灣自然區域。臺灣省文化基金會。
施習德。2002。新舊分類系統的交界－甲殼類的分子生態學。科學月刊，388: 307-314。
洪明仕。1993。南澳溪直額絨螯蟹族群動態及生物學之研究。國立台灣
海洋大學漁業研究所碩士論文。67頁。
洪明仕、何平合、游祥平。1992。淡水毛蟹在台灣。中國水產月刊，479: 9-20。
胡鵬飛、王茜、戴偉、王曉梅。2006。長江水系中華絨螯蟹線粒體DNA的遺傳多樣性研究。水產學雜誌，19(1):1-5。
唐存勇、楊穎堅、林勝豐。1996。黑潮於臺灣東北海域的季節性入侵。1996年國科會海洋研究計畫成果發表會論文摘要集。國立台灣海洋大學 海洋科學系。
唐伯平、周開亞、宋大洋。2004。直額絨螯蟹新模記述(甲殼綱,十足目)。動物分類學報，29(2): 255-259。
孫紅英、周開亞、楊小軍。2003。從線粒體16S rDNA 序列探討絨螯蟹類的
系統發生關係。動物學報，49(5):592-599。
酒井恆。1935。熱河產甲殼類十腳目短尾類。第一次滿蒙學術調查研究團報告。第五部第一區第二編第七輯 1-16。
高天祥、任一平、張秀梅。2000。日本絨螯蟹線粒體DNA序列研究Ⅱ. 16SrRNA。青島海洋大學學報，30(3): 482-486。
許桂菁、蔡昆展、邵廣昭、王建平、林弘都。2005。大眼華鳊親緣區域與族群遺傳結構之研究。生物學報，40(2): 58-67。
陳均輝。1998。太魯閣國家公園砂卡礑溪臺灣絨螯蟹之生物學研究。國立台灣海洋大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。55頁。
陳義雄、方力行。台灣淡水及河口魚類誌。國立海洋生物博物館籌備處。287頁。
曾美珍。2003。以微衛星DNA研究日本鰻之族群結構。國立台灣大學動物研究所博士論文。127頁。
游祥平、何平何。1986。台灣產絨螯蟹之研究。省立博物館年刊。29: 111-116。
黃 生。1991。基因流傳與族群分化。生物科學，34(2): 19-32。
黃俊邠。1997。臺灣東北海域不同水團對浮游魚類的影響。國立台灣大學動物學系博士論文。121頁。
黃淑珍。1995。新竹香山溼地沿岸蟹類大眼幼體之分類研究--以COI基因核酸序列為輔助鑑定工具。國立新竹教育大學應用科學系研究所碩士論文。133頁。
劉健暉、金春華、李愛芬。2005。飢餓對中華絨螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼體發育的影響。生態科學，24(1): 15-17。
鄭育民。2000。台灣東部近岸海流特性之調查研究。國立海洋大學河海工程研究所碩士論文。112頁。
賴弘智、施志昀、游祥平。1986。室內孵化之日本絨螯蟹幼苗變態研究。臺灣水產學會刊，13(2): 12-21。
繁玉萍。2001。台灣島形成過程對台灣淡水魚族群遺傳結構影響之研究。國立清華大學生命科學研究所碩士論文。53頁。
薛攀文。2000。蟹類大眼幼蟲在潮水誘發之返岸運送中的回歸模式研究報告。國科會研究報告 NSC89-2611-B005-002。
Avise JC (1994) Molecular marker, natural history and evolution. Chapman and Hall, New York .
Brower AVZ (1994) Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91: 6491-6495.
Brown WM, Prager EM, Wang A, Wilson AC (1982) Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. Journal of molecular evolution18: 225-239.
Chan TY, Hung MS, Yu HP (1995) Identity of Eriocheir recta (Stimpson , 1858) (Decapoda : Brachyura) , with description of a new mitten crab from Taiwan. Journal of Crustacean Biology 15 (2): 301-308.
Chu KH, Tong J, Chan TY (1999) Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequence divergence in some Chinese species of Charybdis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27: 461-468.
Chu KH, Ho HY, Li CP, Chan, TY (2003) Molecular phylogenetics of the mitten crab species in Eriocheir, sensu lata (Brachyura: Grapsidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23(3): 738-746.
Coates AG (1992) Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: the near-shore marine record of Costa Rica and western Panama. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v 104: 814-828 .
DeVries MC, Forward RB (1989) Rhythms in larval release of the sublittoral crab Neopanope sayi and the supralittoral crab Sesarma cinereum (Decapoda: Brachyura). Marine Biology 100: 241-248.
Excoffier L, Smouse PE (1994) Using allele frequencies and geographic subdivision to reconstruct gene trees within a species: molecular variance parsimony. Genetics 136: 343-359.
Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (2000). Analysis if molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 136: 343-359.
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
Futuyma DJ (1998) Evolutionary Biology, 3rd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
Grant W, Bowen BW (1998) Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation. The Journal of Heredity 89: 415-426.
Hartl DL, Clark AG (1989) Principles of Population Genetics. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 49- 470.
Hillis DM, Bull JJ (1993) An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 41: 182-192.
Hwang JJ, Mizue K (1985) Fresh-water cabs of Taiwan. Bull. Facu. Fish. Nagasaki Univ 57: 1-21.
Keigwin L (1982) Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: role of Panama uplift in late neogene time. Science 217: 350-353.
Kimura M (1968) Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217: 624-626.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M (2001) MEGA2: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis software. Bioinformatics 17: 1244-1245
Lee JW, Jiang L, Su YC, Tso IM (2004) Is central mountain range a geographic barrier to the giant wood spider Nephila pilipes (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) in Taiwan? A population genetic approach. Zoological Studies 43(1): 112-122.
Moritz CC, Dowling TE, Brown WM (1987) Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance for population biology and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 269-292.
Nei M (1987) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University, New York.
Nei M, Li WH (1979) Mathematical Model for Studying Genetic Variation in Terms of Restriction Endonucleases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76 (10): 5269-5273.
Ng NK, Guo J, Ng PKL (1999) Generic affinities of Eriocheir leptognathus and E. formosa with description of a new genus (Brachyura: Grapsidae: Varuninae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 19(1): 154-170.
Page RDM, Holmes EC (1998) Molecular evolution. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford .
Roman J, Palumbi SR (2004) A global invader at home: population structure of
the green crab, Carcinus maenas , in Europe . Molecular Ecology 13: 2891 -2898.
Rozas J, Rozas R (1999) DnaSP versin 3.0: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis. Bioinformatics 15: 174-175.
Saitou N, Nei M (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4(4): 406-425.
Sakai T (1976) Crabs of Japan and the adjacent seas. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Schaal BA (1980) Measurement of gene flow in Lupinus texensis. Nature 284: 450-451.
Schubart CD, Diesel R, Hedges SB (1998) Rapid evolution to terrestrial life in Jamaican crabs. Nature 393: 363-365.
Shih HT, Hung HC, Schubart CD, Chen CA, Chang HW (2006) Intraspecific genetic diversity of the endemic freshwater crab Candidiopotamon rathbunae (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) reflects five million years of the geological history of Taiwan. Journal of Biogeography 33: 980-989.
Shy JY, Yu HP (1992) Complete larval development of the mitten crab Eriocheir rectus Stimpson, 1858 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsidae) Reared in the laboratory. Crustaceana 63: 277-290.
Simonsen KL, Churchill GA, Aquadro CF (1995) Properties of statistical tests of neutrality for DNA polymorphism data . Genetics 141: 413- 429.
Slatkin M (1985) Gene flow in natural populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 394-430.
Slatkin M (1987) Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural population.
Science 236: 787-792.
Stimpson W (1907) Report on the Crustacea (Brachyura and Anomura) collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 1853-1856. By William Stimpson. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Colleclions 49(1717): 1-240.
Sun HY, Zhou KY, Yang XJ (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of the mitten crabs inferred from mitochondrial 16S rDNA partial sequences ( Crustacean, Decapoda). Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(5): 592-599.
Tajima F (1989) Statisticial method for testing the neurtal mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics123: 585-595.
Tang BP, Zhou KY, Song DX (2002) On the scientific names of three mitten crabs. Acta Zootax . Sinauer 27(4): 876-875.
Tang BP, Zhou KY (2003) Molecular systematics of the Asian mitten crabs, genus Eriocheir (Crustacea: Branchyura). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutions 29: 309-316.
Templeton AR, Sing CF (1993) A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping. IV. Nested analyses with cladogram uncertainty and recombination. Genetics 134: 659-669.
Tzeng CS (1986) Distribution of the freshwater fishes of Taiwan. Journ. Taiwan Museum 39(2): 127-146.
Wilson AC, Cann RL, Carr SM, Matthew UB, Gyllensten KM, Helm-Bychowski, RG, Higuchi SR, Palumbi EM, Prager RDS, Stoneking M (1985) Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 26: 275-400.
Wright S (1951) The genetical structure of population. Annals of Eugenics 15: 323-354.
Wright S (1978) Evolution and the genetics of populations. vol. 4. Variability within and among natural populations. University of Chicago press, Chicago.