中文虛擬態與主句現象的研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	高宏達 Kao, Hung-ta
論文名稱：	中文虛擬態與主句現象的研究 Subjunctive Mood and Main Clause Phenomena in Mandarin Chinese
指導教授：	蔡維天
口試委員:	謝妙玲張永利
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	167
中文關鍵詞：	虛擬態、主句現象、主題化、焦點化、說話者導向副詞
外文關鍵詞：	Subjunctive Mood, Main Clause Phenomena, Topicalization, Focalization, Speaker-Oriented Adverbs
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本篇論文分成兩大部分。第一部分處理中文的虛擬態，目的在找出中文虛擬態補語子句可以出現的環境。我檢驗建議類動詞的補語子句與時態標記和模態詞之間的互動。如果我們採用Smith (1991)對於語法時態和辭彙時態的分類，那麼中文的虛擬態補語子句只允許辭彙時態標記。另外，如果我們從模態詞的角度來看，中文的虛擬態補語子句只允許義務性模態。

論文的第二部分處理中文的主句現象。Haegeman (2012a, 2012b)指出從屬子句的行為和主要子句並不相同。主句似乎對一些句法運作有一些特權。例如主題化不能出現在部分從句內。他觀察英文和拉丁語系後發現：在英文的狀語子句內，狀語可前移，但是論文不行。另外一方面，拉丁語系的黏著語左移可以在狀語子句的左緣發生。根據Haegeman的觀察，中文的幾類從屬子句的長度是否較短。最後我利用製圖理論給出中文主要子句和從屬子句的結構。

The body of this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with subjunctive mood in Mandarin Chinese, whereby the environments in which subjunctive complement clauses occur are testified in indirect ways and are found to fall in a few categories. In addition, I examine how the complement clauses of desiderative predicates interact with aspects and modals. If we adopt Smith’s (1991) insight on grammatical aspects and lexical aspects, Mandarin allows only lexical aspects in a subjunctive complement clause. Moreover, if we view subjunctive complement clauses from a modality perspective, only deontic modality can occur in a subjunctive environment. I call it a desiderative-deontic effect.

The second part tackles the main clause phenomenon (henceforth the MCP). Haegeman (2006a, 2010, 2011, 2012a, 2012b) (and some references therein) mentions that the behavior of subordinate clauses is different from root clauses. Main clauses seem to have some privilege in that a handful of syntactic patterns, such as topicalization, do not appear in subordinate clauses. She observes that there is a double asymmetry between English and Romance languages. In English, adjuncts can front to the left of adverbial clauses, while arguments cannot; clitic left dislocation (henceforth CLLD) in Romance languages is admitted in the left periphery of adverbial clauses. Based on Haegeman’s ideas, I investigate whether the length of some clause types in Mandarin is truncated and whether there is a distinction between central and peripheral adverbial clauses in the sense of Haegeman (2012a, 2012b). Moreover, I adopt the cartographic approach (Rizzi 1997, 2004; Cinque 1999) to show the structure of root and subordinate clauses in Chinese.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                  ii
TABLE OF CONTENS                                                      iv
LIST OF TABLES                                                          vi
ABBREVIATIONS                                                          vii                                           
ABSTRACT (English)                                                      ix
ABSTRACT (Chinese)                                                          x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION                                               1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

1 Introduction                                                                   3
2 Subjunctive Mood                                                          3
2.1 Where does subjunctive mood occur?                                      3
2.2 Subjunctive mood in English                                           9
2.3 Subjunctive mood in Romance and Balkan languages                      11
3 Main Clause Phenomena                                                    15
3.1 Truncation and double asymmetry                                      17
3.1 Intervention and double asymmetry                                      18

CHAPTER 3 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1 Introduction                                                               28
2 Simple Sentences                                                           29
2.1 Interaction with aspectual markers                                      29
2.2 Interaction with modals and aspects                                      33
3 Complex Sentences                                                           40
3.1 Interaction with modals under a matrix desiderative predicate                  40
3.2 Interaction with aspects under a matrix desiderative predicate                  42
3.3 Interaction with modals and aspects under a matrix desiderative predicate      44
3.4 Sentences with other kinds of matrix predicates                              45
4 Summary and Discussion                                                   54
5 Conclusion                                                               69

CHAPTER 4 MAIN CLAUSE PHENOMENA
    
1 Introduction                                                               70
2 Main Clause Phenomena in English                                           70
2.1 Complement of factive predicates                                      70
2.2 Clausal complement of nouns                                          72
2.3 Sentential subjects                                                  73
2.4 Adverbial clauses                                                      74
2.5 Interim summary                                                      75
3 Topicalization in Mandarin Chinese                                               75
3.1 Adverbial clauses                                                      77
3.2 Complement of factive and subjunctive predicates                          81
3.3 Clausal complement of nouns and sentential subjects                          84
3.4 Interim summary                                                      89
4 Focalization in     Mandarin Chinese                                              89
4.1 Adverbial clauses                                                      91
4.2 Complement clauses                                                  94
4.3 Clausal complement of nouns and sentential subjects                          96
5 The Double Asymmetry Revisited                                               99
5.1 English and Japanese                                                  99
5.2 Clitic left dislocation                                                 105
5.3 The status of empty objects in Chinese subordinate clauses                 108
6 Speaker-Oriented Adverbs                                                 114
6.1 Speaker-oriented adverbs and adverbial clauses                             115
6.2 Speaker-oriented adverbs and complement clauses                         118
6.3 Summary and discussion                                             122
7 Cartography of Subordinate Clauses in Mandarin Chinese                         127
8 Conclusion                                                             137

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS                                       139

APPENDIX 1 A DICHOTOMY                                                142

APPENDIX 2 SPEAKER COMMITMENT AND PRESUPPOSITION             149

APPENDIX 3 FACTIVE EMOTIVE PREDICATES                               156

REFERENCES                                                              162

                                

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