國內對於人工生殖技術需求與日俱增，但人工生殖絕不僅是醫療技術之抉擇而已，人工生殖參與者的身心發展、社會、法律與倫理等議題亦應審慎面對之。在未全面性瞭解施行人工生殖可能產生之影響的情形下，驟下任何醫療決定都可能對人工生殖參與者帶來不可預期的困擾與傷害，且人工生殖療程須投入大量時間、金錢與心力，在內在與外在多重因素夾擊下，人工生殖參與者時常承受莫大壓力，進而影響人工生殖參與者身心狀況甚或是人工生殖醫療品質。
為健全人工生殖醫療環境，英國、澳洲、紐西蘭、美國與德國等國皆設立人工生殖諮詢制度，集合跨領域專業人員協助人工生殖參與者理解、面對與處理人工生殖醫療過程中可能面臨之問題與困境。國內人工生殖諮詢雖已運作多年，但整體制度規劃卻不如外國嚴謹，故本文從制度面出發，檢視我國人工生殖諮詢制度不足之處。
本文於第壹章緒論說明問題意識後，接續於第貳章探究人工生殖諮詢制度之必要性，其後於第參章檢視與反思我國人工生殖諮詢制度，再於第肆章借鏡國內人工流產諮詢/諮商、遺傳諮詢及英國、澳洲、紐西蘭、美國與德國人工生殖諮詢制度經驗，依此於第伍章針對人工生殖諮詢規範模式、人工生殖諮詢內容、人工生殖諮詢運作機制與人工生殖諮詢員四議題進行比較分析，並對國內人工生殖諮詢制度提出建議，最後於第陸章綜合前述，提出總結。
本文對國內人工生殖諮詢制度提出以下建議：一、以訂定專業自律準則為短期目標，立法任意諮詢輔以行政命令與自律準則為長期發展目標，以期建立明確規範模式。二、人工生殖諮詢以資訊提供與探討為首要任務，並適時輔以心理支持服務。三、因應人工生殖機構層級設立彈性諮詢運作機制，並完善相關轉介與支援系統。四、推行諮詢員資格認證制度。希冀藉人工生殖諮詢之輔助，能建構真實「尊重自主」與「知情同意」之人工生殖決策環境，提升醫療品質。

The decision of artificial reproduction is not only a medical treatment, but also involving psychosocial, legal, and ethical issues. All participants should understand the implications of proposed treatment services and have been provided with such relevant information before giving consent.
To improve medical and health care quality in artificial reproduction, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Germany and other countries have established the counseling system conducted by interdisciplinary professionals, helping participants to deal with and to adjust problems and dilemmas caused by medical treatment of assisted reproductive technology. Compared with foreign regulatory framework and experiences, the counseling system practiced for years in Taiwan still has some deficiencies.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review and construct the counseling system in Taiwan with the help of a comparative analysis of Taiwan’s abortion counseling, Taiwan’s genetic counseling, as well as counseling on artificial reproduction from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Germany and Taiwan.
Based on the study findings, the author suggests that our counseling system should include the following elements: establishing a specific regulatory framework, providing and discussing relevant information which is a primary task as well as providing psychosocial supports if needed, developing flexible operating mechanisms and referral support systems, and establishing a counselor accreditation as well.

一、中文文獻
1. 專書
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何建志（2012）。人口與生殖，收於：醫療法律與醫學倫理，頁137-173。台北：元照。
何建志（2012）。知情同意，收於：醫療法律與醫學倫理，頁61-97。台北：元照。
李棟明（1995）。台灣地區早期家庭計劃發展誌詳。台中：台灣省家庭計畫研究所。
林山田（2005）。刑法各罪論（上）。台北：自刊。
林昀嫺（2011）。產檢科技與身心障礙者歧視：從生命倫理觀點出發，收於：洪德欽（編），歐盟與美國生物科技政策，頁541-579。台北：中央研究院歐美研究所。
許樹珍、楊雅惠（2008）。倫理諮詢員的知識、技能與角色特質，收於：李瑞全、蔡篤堅（編），醫療倫理諮詢─理論與實務，頁69-90，台北：五南。
陳清秀（2006）。行政法的法源，收於：翁岳生（編），行政法（上），頁95-144。台北：元照。
陳肇男、孫得雄、李棟明（2003）。臺灣的人口奇蹟—家庭計畫政策成功探源。台北：聯經。
曾淑瑜（2007）。誰的生命不及格─論胚胎基因篩選之倫理爭議與法律問題，收於：醫療 倫理 法律，頁55-91。台北：元照。
戴瑀如（2012）。從人權保障的觀點審視人工生殖法制所面對的難題─兼論幾則歐洲人權法院的判決，收於：吳全峰（編），2011科技發展與法律規範雙年刊，頁299-339。台北：中央研究院法律學研究所。
釋昭慧（2011）。台灣本土的「墮胎」爭議─生命權與自主權的倫理拔河賽，收於：戴正德、李明濱（編），認識醫學倫理，頁75-107，台北：前程文化。
蘿思瑪莉．佟恩（著），刁筱華（譯）（1996）。女性主義思潮。台北：時報文化。

2. 期刊
王皇玉（2009）。墮胎‧同意‧隱私權─以美、德法制視角檢視墮胎諮詢制度，月旦法學雜誌，174期，頁162-180。
王蘋（2006）。人工生殖不只是醫療科技問題，律師雜誌，318期，頁36-40。
吳嘉苓（2002）。台灣的新生殖科技與性別政治，1995-2000，台灣社會研究季刊，45期，頁1-67。
李玉嬋（2007）。急症時期的醫療諮商工作一以婦產科流產決策諮商為例，諮商與輔導，255期，頁44-51。
李玉嬋、高美玲、蔡育倫、黃俊吭（2007）。由人工流產諮商服務談跨專業整合的機制，護理雜誌，54卷2期，頁5-11。
李從業、張昇平、陳嘉琦（1997）。不孕夫妻的困擾程度、壓力感受及因應策略的比較，護理研究，5卷5期，頁425-438。
李淑杏、李孟志、郭碧照、李茂盛（1991）。接受人工生殖科技治療的不孕婦女的心理壓力及其相關因子，公共衛生，18卷2期，頁148-163。
李淑杏、郭碧照、李孟智、李茂盛（1995）。接受人工生殖科技治療的不孕症夫妻之心理社會反應，台灣醫誌，94卷1期，頁s26-s33。
李淑杏、郭碧照、黃梨香、王郁茗、李茂盛（2000）。接受體外受精與胚胎移植治療之不孕症婦女在不同治療過程的心理社會反應，護理研究，8卷5期，頁515-528。
林昀嫺（2010）。我國人工生殖法制挑戰與契機，中原財經法學，25期，頁63-112。
邱文聰（2007）。從人工生殖法的適用主體談生育自由的雙面性格，法令月刊，58卷8期，頁146-153。
侯英泠（2001）。論人工生殖受術夫妻手術同意書之法律效果，成大法學，2期，頁75-119。
侯英泠（2006）。從「子女最佳利益」原則檢視人工生殖法草案，律師雜誌，318期，頁16-29。
張秀玉、郭碧照（2000）。初次與重複接受施試管嬰兒治療不孕症夫妻之心理社會反應，護理研究，8卷2期，頁190-202。
郭碧照、王郁茗（1993）。中部某教學醫院不孕症婦女憂傷過程與反應之研究，公共衛生，20期，頁46-57。
郭碧照、李淑杏、王郁茗、李茂盛（1998）。傳統生育觀念與不孕夫妻憂傷反應之相關探討，中山醫學雜誌，9卷1期，頁89-99。
陳妙芬（1999）。浮濫的平等─談代理孕母的法理問題，月旦法學雜誌，52期，頁31-40。
陳志忠（2007）。生命誠可貴，尊嚴價更高─關於胚胎植入前基因檢測合憲性之辨證，興大法學，1期，頁159-198。
楊秀儀（2002）。溫暖父權vs.空虛的自主─到底法律要建立什麼樣的醫病關係，應用倫理研究通訊，21期，頁19-24。
楊秀儀（2005）。美國「告知後同意」法則之考察分析，月旦法學雜誌，121期，頁138-152。
楊秀儀（2006）。論病人自主權─我國法上「告知後同意」之請求權基礎探討，台大法學論叢，36卷2期，頁229-268。
雷文玫（1999）。兩對父母親的拔河─從父母子女關係之認定看近來代理孕母合法化爭議，月旦法學雜誌，52期，頁46-59。
雷文玫（2004）。解構我國胚胎保護規範體系—發現父母生育自主的地位，臺大法學論叢，33卷4期，頁1-36。
雷文玫（2004）。解構我國胚胎保護規範體系—發現父母生育自主的地位，臺大法學論叢，33卷4期，頁1-36。
劉珠利（2005）。助人關係與女性：一個文化取向女性主義的角度，社區發展季刊，112期，頁130-140。
蔡甫昌、張至寧、楊智超、胡務亮（2008）。台灣遺傳檢驗與諮詢施行之現況分析與倫理反省，醫學教育，12卷3期，頁176-195。
蘇燦煮（1993）。不孕婦女決定接受生殖治療時之主觀經驗與護理需求，護理研究，1卷1期，頁50-59。

3. 網路文獻
中華民國人類遺傳學會。103年度「遺傳諮詢師甄審與認證」考試簡章。載於：http://www.genes-at-taiwan.com.tw/News/20130303_02.pdf。
中華民國人類遺傳學會。遺傳檢驗及諮詢一般倫理準則。載於：http://www.genes-at-taiwan.com.tw/News/03.pdf。
內政部。歷年人口政策及沿革。載於：www.moi.gov.tw/files/news_file/歷年人口政策及沿革.doc‎。
台灣基因醫學暨生物標記學會。載於：http://www.tgmbs.com/default.htm。
台灣遺傳諮詢協會。102年度「遺傳諮詢師甄審認證」公告。載於：http://www.taiwangc.org.tw/news_page.asp?root_id=109&page=2&pagesize=10。
台灣遺傳諮詢協會。載於：http://www.taiwangc.org.tw/index.asp。
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署。性福e學園。載於：http://young.hpa.gov.tw。
行政院衛生福利部國民健康署。遺傳疾病諮詢服務窗口。載於：http://gene.hpa.gov.tw/index.php。
奇美醫院生殖醫學中心。卵子捐贈須知。載於：http://www.labbaby.idv.tw/admin/fckeditor/userfiles/file/13262008271691009177.pdf。
奇美醫院生殖醫學中心。精子捐贈須知。載於：http://www.labbaby.idv.tw/admin/fckeditor/userfiles/file/1326200886256146946.pdf。
長庚醫院。試管嬰兒胚胎植入。載於：http://www1.cgmh.org.tw/intr/intr1/c1750/0703.試管嬰兒胚胎植入.htm。
財團法人國家政策研究基金會（2002）。「多元觀點探討優生保健法修正案」座談會實錄。載於：http://old.npf.org.tw/monograph/series/series129-IA.pdf。
張榮州婦產專科試管嬰兒中心。禮物嬰兒。載於：http://www.sbabys.com.tw/m.html。
衛生福利部國民健康署（2011）。珍愛生命 避免非醫療因素人工流產 守護婦女身心健康。載於：http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/News/News.aspx?no=201107160002。
衛生福利部國民健康署。人工生殖機構許可通過名單。載於：http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/HealthTopic/TopicBulletin.aspx?No=201109300003&parentid=201109210001。

4. 學位論文
王晴玲（2010）。人工生殖子女知悉所從出權利與配子捐贈者匿名性之規範與調和。國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
吳宜亭（2011）。論心智障礙者之強制治療和權利保障：以國際人權法下之自主原則為核心。國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。

5. 研究報告
李玉嬋、蔡育倫、黃俊喨、高美玲、林綺雲、方俊凱等（2005）。人工流產諮商機制探討與運作模式建立。行政院衛生署國民健康局94年度科技研究計畫成果報告（DOH94-HP-1202）。
李玉嬋、蔡育倫、黃俊喨、高美玲、林綺雲、方俊凱等（2007）。人工流產諮商機制配套措施與資源整合運用模式之建立。行政院衛生署國民健康局96年度科技研究計劃（DOH96-HP-1203）。
李玉嬋、蔡育倫、黃俊曉、高美玲、林綺雲、方俊凱等（2006）。人工流產諮商機制探討與運作模式建立。行政院衛生署國民健康局95年度科技研究計畫成果報告（DOH95-HP-1203）。
蔡甫昌、呂碧鴻、楊智超、胡務亮（2003）。遺傳諮商的倫理原則與規則－以原則主義為進路（1）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。

6. 議案關係文書
立法院（2012）。立法院第8屆第1會期第2次會議議案關係文書，院總第1140號，政府提案第13031號，優生保健法修正草案。
立法院（2012）。立法院第8屆第1會期第3次會議議案關係文書，院總第1140號，委員提案第12947號，優生保健法第九條條文修正草案。
立法院（2012）。立法院第8屆第2會期第2次會議議案關係文書，院總第1140號，委員提案第13893號，優生保健法修正草案。
立法院（2012）。立法院第8屆第2會期第3次會議議案關係文書，院總第1140號，委員提案第13946號，優生保健法第九條條文修正草案。
立法院（2014）。立法院第8屆第5會期第8次會議議案關係文書，院總第1586號，委員提案第16360號。

二、英文文獻
1. 專書
Beauchamp, T. L. & Childress, J. F. (2009). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Beauchamp, T. L. (2010). Autonomy and Consent. In Franklin G. Miller & Alan Wertheimer (Eds.), The Ethics of Consent: Theory and Practice, (pp. 55-78). New York: Oxford University Press.
Berg, J. W., Appelbaum, P. S., Lidz, C. W. & Parker, L. S. (2001). The Limits of Informed Consent. In Jessica W. Berg, Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz & Lisa S. Parker (Eds.), Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice (pp. 307-318). New York: Oxford University Press.
Berg, J. W., Appelbaum, P. S., Lidz, C. W. & Parker, L. S. (2001). The Legal Requirements for Disclosure and Consent: History and Current States. In Jessica W. Berg, Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz & Lisa S. Parker (Eds.), Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice (pp.41-74). New York: Oxford University Press.
Code, Lorraine (1991). What Can She Know?: Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knoeledge. New York: Cornell University Press.
Dodds, S. (2000). Choice and Control in Feminist Bioethics. In Catriona Mackkenzie & Natalie Stoljar (Eds.), Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency and the Social Self (pp.213-235). New York: Oxford University Press.
Epstein, Y. M. & Rosenberg, H. S. (1997). He Does, She Doesn’t; She Does, He Doesn’t: Couple Conflicts about Infertility. In S. R. Leiblum (Eds.), Infertility: Psychological Issues and Counseling Strategies (pp. 129-148). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
Faden, R. R. & Beauchamp, T. L. (1986). Foundations in Legal Theory. In Ruth R. Faden & Tom L. Beauchamp (Eds.), A History and Theory of Informed Consent (pp. 23-49). New York: Oxford University Press.
Faden, R. R. & Beauchamp, T. L. (1986). Foundations in Moral Theory. In Ruth R. Faden & Tom L. Beauchamp (Eds.), A History and Theory of Informed Consent (pp. 3-22). New York: Oxford University Press.
Glennon, Theresa (2009). Regulation of Reproductive Decision-Making. In Shelley Day Sclater, Fatemeh Ebtehaj, Emily Jackson & Martin Richard (Eds.), Regulating Autonomy: Sex, Reproduction And Family (pp. 149-168). Portland: Hart Publishing.
Haase, J. M. & Blyth, E. (2006). Global Perspectives on Infertility Counseling. In Sharon N. Covington & Linda Hammer Burns (Eds.), Infertility Counseling: a Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians (pp. 544-557). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harris, John (1998). Rights and Reproductive Choice. In John Harris & Søren Holm (Eds.), The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice, and Regulation (pp. 5-37). New York: Oxford University Press.
Mackkenzie, C. & Stoljar, N. (2000). Introduction. In Catriona Mackkenzie & Natalie Stoljar (Eds.), Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency and the Social Self (pp.3-31). New York: Oxford University Press.
Manson, N. C. & O’Neill, O. (2007). Consent: Nuremberg, Helsinki and beyond. In Neil C. Manson & Onora O’Neill (Eds.), Rethinking Informed Consent in Bioethics (pp. 26-49). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Manson, N. C. & O’Neill, O. (2007). Information and Communication: the Drift from Agency. In Neil C. Manson & Onora O’Neill (Eds.), Rethinking Informed Consent in Bioethics (pp. 1-25). UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nedelsky, J. (2011). Reconceiving Autonomy, Law's Relations: A Relational Theory of Self, Autonomy, and Law. New York: Oxford University.
Robertson, J. A. (1994). Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sherwin, S. (1998). A Relational Approach to Autonomy in Health Care. In Susan Sherwin (Eds.), The Politics of Women's Health: Exploring Agency and Autonomy (pp. 19-47). Philadelphia:Temple University Press.
Swain, M. E. (2006). Legal Issues in Infertility Counselling. In Sharon N. Covington & Linda Hammer Burns (Eds.), Infertility Counseling: a Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians (pp. 521-543). New York: Cambridge University Press.

2. 期刊
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). Guidelines for Sperm Donation. Fertility and Sterility, 99(1), 48-52.
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). Guidelines for Oocyte Donation Fertility and Sterility, 99(1), 53-58.
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). Guidelines for Cryopreserved Embryo Donation. Fertility and Sterility , 99(1), 58-60.
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). Psychological Assessment of Gamete Donors and Recipients. Fertility and Sterility, 99(1), 60-61.
American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). Psychological Guidelines for Embryo Donation. Fertility and Sterility,99(1), 61-62.
Andrews,F. M., Abbey, A. & Halman, L. J. (1991). Stress from Infertility, Marriage Factors, and Subjective Well-Being of Wives and Husbands, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(3), 238-253.
ASRM (2014). Revised Minimum Standards for Practices Offering Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Committee Opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 102(3), 682-686.
Barnett-Rose, R. (2014). Informed Consent, Psychotropic Medications, and A Prescribing Physician's Duty to Disclose Safer Alternative Treatments. DePaul Journal of Health Care Law, 16(1), 67-101.
Berg, B. J., Wilson, J. F. (1991). Psychological Functioning Across Stages of Treatment for Infertility. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14(1), 11-26.
Blenner, J. L. (1992). Stress and Mediators: Patients' Perceptions of Infertility Treatment. Nursing Research, 41(2), 92-97.
Blyth, E. (2012). Guidelines for infertility counseling in different countries: Is there an emerging trend?. Human Reprodction, 27(7), 2046-2057.
Bringhenti, F., Martinelli, F., Ardenti, R.& La Sala, G. B. (1997). Psychological Adjustment Of Infertile Women Entering IVF Treatment: Differentiating Aspects And Influencing Factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 76(5), 431-437.
Carmen, M. G. del & Joffe, S. (2005). Informed Consent for Medical Treatment and Research: A Review. The Oncologist, 10(8), 636-641.
Daar, J. F. (1999). Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the Pregnancy Process: Developing an Equality Model to Protect Reproductive Liberties. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 25, 455-477.
Daniluk, J. C. (1988). Infertility: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Impact. Fertility and Sterility,49(6), 982-990.
Donchin, A. (2009). Toward a Gender-Sensitive Assisted Reproduction Policy. Bioethics, 23(1), 28-38.
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3. 判決
Cameron v. Board of Education of the Hillsboro, 795 F.Supp. 228 (S.D. Ohio 1991).
Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F.2d 772 (D.C. Cir. 1972).
Carey v. Population Services, 431 U.S. 678 (1977).
Cleveland Bd. of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974).
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972).
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972).
Gerber v. Hickman, 264 F.3d 822 (9th Cir. 2002).
Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
In the Matter of Baby M., 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. Sup. Ct. 1988).
Lifchez v. Hartigan, 735 F. Supp. 1361 (N.D. Ill. 1990).
Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923).
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 105 NE 92 (NY 1914).
Stanley v. Illinois, 552 U.S. 866 (2007).

4. 網路文獻
American Society for Reproductive Medicine. If You Are Having Trouble Conceiving. Retrieved from http://www.reproductivefacts.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/About_Us/Specialty_Societies/Professional_Groups/MHPG/MHPGpatient.PDF.
Australian & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association. ANZICA Membership Criteria. Retrieved from http://www.fertilitysociety.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ANZICA-MEMBERSHIP-CRITERIA.pdf.
British Infertility Counselling Association. Retrieved from http://www.bica.net.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Benefits of Counseling. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/36.html.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. HFEA Code of Practice. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/code.html.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. History of legislation on fertility treatment. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/1319.html.
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Warnock_Report_of_the_Committee_of_Inquiry_into_Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_1984.pdf.
Mental Health Professional Group of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Qualification Guidelines for Infertility Counselors. Retrieved from http://www.reproductivefacts.org/uploadedFiles/ASRM_Content/About_Us/Specialty_Societies/Professional_Groups/MHPG/MHPG_Guidlines.pdf.
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and United Nations. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1981/09/19810903%2005-18%20AM/Ch_IV_8p.pdf.

5. 官方文獻
Australian & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association, Guidelines for Professional Standards of Practice Infertility Counselling.
Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland, Accreditation Guidelines.
Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland, Continuing Education Guidelines.
Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland, Guidelines for psychosocial counselling in the area of gamete donation.
Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland, Guidelines for psychosocial counselling in the area of gamete donation.
Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschlandrtac, Guidelines Psychosocial Infertility Counselling.
British Infertility Counselling Association, BICA Guidelines for Good Practice in Infertility Counselling.
National Health and Medical Research Council, Ethical Guidelines on the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research.
Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee, Code of Practice for Assisted Reproductive Technology Units.
World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
World Medical Association, Declaration of Lisbon on the Rights of the Patient.