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研究生： 彥 倪
Yeni Maulidah Muflihah
論文名稱： 印度尼西亞本土草藥的天然抗氧化物來源和化妝品防腐劑對大型蚤的毒性
Natural Antioxidant Sources from Indonesian Indigenous Herbs and the Toxicity of Cosmetics Preservatives to Daphnia magna
指導教授： 凌永健
Ling, Yong-Chien
口試委員: 陳貴通
Tan, Kui-Thong
帕偉鄂本
Urban, Pawel Lukasz
王勝盟
Wang, Sheng-Meng
杜敬民
Duh, Jing-Min
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 理學院 - 化學系
Department of Chemistry
論文出版年： 2021
畢業學年度： 109
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 113
中文關鍵詞： 天然產品, 化妝品, 對羥基苯甲酸酯, 、天然產品 、化妝品 、對羥基苯甲酸酯 、毒性
外文關鍵詞： Natural products, cosmetics,toxicity, cosmetics, parabens, D.magna, toxicity
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    • 摘 要
    許多化學物質已被添加為化妝品配方的活性成分，如抗氧化劑、著色劑、防腐劑、增白劑、香料和抗紫外線劑，以提高化妝品的功效。有些產品因此在過度、持續或不當使用時，對人體和環境有潛在危害。如今，化妝品配方成分的安全性，越來越受到重視。化妝品的廣泛和持續使用，其對環境的影響已成為人們關注的問題。使用更安全的成分或天然產品優於合成產品，且能避免對環境的影響。因此，從天然產物中發現替代物質的研究，已成為一個有吸引力的課題。已有許多報導，研究來自不同原產地的許多植物，以尋找潛在的生物活性化合物來源。
    本論文研究化妝品成分，以解決與化妝品相關的問題。論文由三部分組成，第一部分涉及尋找從草藥中萃取抗氧化化合物的最佳條件。第二部分涉及從選定的草藥中篩選抗氧化化合物。最後，第三部分涉及化妝品中防腐劑對水生生物的毒性試驗。
    在第一部分，考慮到最近在任何領域（包括化妝品）中使用來自天然產品的抗氧化劑的趨勢，我們應用田口方法來簡化從草藥中獲取最佳抗氧化劑量的過程。然後，我們應用 L16 正交陣列，並研究超音波萃取中的幾個參數，例如溶劑濃度、萃取時間和樣品萃液中的固液比。我們分析了信噪比的結果，以確定最佳條件。
    在第二部分，旨在開發一種從精選印度尼西亞草本植物中，篩選具有高抗氧化活性萃取物的有效方法。抗氧化活性可歸因於酚類和類黃酮含量。在最佳條件下通過超音波萃取過程，獲得了12種印度尼西亞草藥萃取物。使用DPPH自由基清除活性測試來測試萃取物的抗氧化活性。利用NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH 和 Folin-Ciocalteau 方法，分別獲得總黃酮和總酚含量。計算相關程度並表示為 Pearson r 相關性。通過高效液相色譜結合光電二極管陣列檢測器 (HPLC-PDA) 分析萃取物中酚類和黃酮類化合物。本研究中展示的簡便方法，為我們正在進行的配方開發工作，提供了一種有效的工具。
    化妝品成分的另一關注點，是所使用的防腐劑及其對環境的影響，因為需要防腐劑來防止細菌或化合物變質，來保證配方品質。然而，化妝品和個人護理產品的廣泛和持續消費，化妝品中的防腐劑對人類和環境的潛在危害，不容忽視。
    在第三部分，我們嘗試分析化妝品中最常用的防腐劑，包括對羥基苯甲酸酯和苯氧乙醇的毒性。我們研究了防腐劑含量與其對水生生物的毒性之間的關係。本研究中，我們建立了一種方法來研究20種面霜化妝品以及4種對羥基苯甲酸酯（對羥基苯甲酸甲酯及乙基、丙基和丁基對羥基苯甲酸酯）和苯氧乙醇對 D. Magna（一種用於環境污染評估的水生生物）的急毒性，防腐劑和化妝品在 24 小時和 48 小時內，對新生 D. Magna 的致死濃度中位數以 LC50 表示，用 mg/L 單位表示化妝品毒性。結果顯示，對羥基苯甲酸酯和面霜樣品 48 小時的急毒性數值不相同。對羥基苯甲酸酯和苯氧乙醇的存在，因此加劇了化妝品的毒性，此論點已被統計數據證明。本研究使用氣相層析串聯質譜儀 (GC-MS) 和 DB-5管柱分離和鑑定對羥基苯甲酸酯和苯氧乙醇。在優化條件下，我們發現 20 個面霜樣品中，含有各種組合和濃度的苯氧乙醇和對羥基苯甲酸酯。

    Abstract
    Numerous chemical substances have been added as cosmetics active ingredients to increase the efficacy of the cosmetic. Antioxidants, coloring agents, preservatives, whitening agents, perfume, and anti-UV are commonly added to cosmetic formulations. According to reports, some are potentially harmful to the human body and the environment when used excessively, continuously, or improperly. Nowadays, the safety of cosmetic formulation ingredients is gaining more and more attention. Due to the widespread and continuous use of cosmetics, the environmental impact of cosmetics has become a concern. The use of safer ingredients or natural products is preferable to synthetic products, avoiding the effect on the environment. Therefore, the studies to discover alternative substances from natural products became an attractive topic. Numerous plants from different places of origin have been studied to find the potential bioactive compounds sources.
    We investigated cosmetics ingredients to conquer the problems related to cosmetics. This work has been completed in three parts. The first part of the work concerned the finding of optimum conditions to extract antioxidant compounds from herbs. The second part involved the screening of antioxidant compounds from selected herbs. Finally, the third part was concerned with the toxicity test of cosmetic preservatives to aquatic organisms.
    In the first part, by considering the recent trend of using antioxidants from natural products in any field, including cosmetics, we applied the Taguchi method to simplify obtaining optimum amounts of antioxidants from herbs. Then, we applied the L16 orthogonal array and investigated several parameters in the ultrasonic extraction, such as solvent concentration, extraction time, and the solid-to-liquid ratio of the samples. Hence, we analyzed the result for the signal-to-noise ratio to determine the optimum condition.
    In the second part, this project intended to develop an efficient method for screening selected Indonesian herb extracts with high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was probably attributed to phenolics and flavonoids content. Twelve Indonesian herb extracts were obtained from the ultrasonic extraction process in optimum condition. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested using DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity test. The NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH and Folin-Ciocalteau method obtained the total flavonoids and total phenolics content, respectively. The correlation extents were calculated and expressed as Pearson r correlation. In the extracts, the phenolics and flavonoid compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) analysis. The facile method demonstrated in this study provides us an efficient tool for ongoing formulation development work.
    Different concern for cosmetics ingredients is the preservatives applied and their environmental effect. Preservatives are needed to guarantee formulation quality by preventing bacteria or compound deterioration. However, preservatives in cosmetics are potentially harmful to humans and the environment due to the extensive and continuous consumption of cosmetics and personal care products.
    In the third part, we attempted to analyze the toxicity of parabens and phenoxyethanol, the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics. We studied the relationship between the preservative contents and their toxicity to the aquatic organism. In this study, we established a method to investigate the acute toxicity of twenty (20) face cream cosmetics as well as four parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben) and phenoxyethanol to D. Magna, an aquatic organism for environmental contamination assessment. The median lethal concentration of preservatives and cosmetic products to neonate D. Magna exposed in 24 h and 48 h were expressed in LC50, representing cosmetics toxicity in mg/L. The result revealed the acute toxicity of 48 h of parabens and face cream samples ranging in diverse values. Thus, the presence of parabens and phenoxyethanol intensified the toxicity of cosmetics and has been proven by statistical data. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with DB-5 column was used to separate and identify parabens and phenoxyethanol. Under the optimized condition, we found that the 20 face cream samples contain phenoxyethanol and parabens in various combinations and concentrations.

    Table of Contents ABSTRACT II 摘要 .V TABLE OF TABLES XII TABLE OF FIGURES XIII CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.1 COSMETICS: INGREDIENTS AND REGULATION 1 1.2 NATURAL SOURCES FOR COSMETICS INGREDIENT 2 1.2.1 Phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites from plants 2 1.2.2 Extraction and characterization method 4 1.2.3 The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and mechanisms 6 1.2.4 Indonesian traditional herbs as sources of antioxidant compounds 9 1.3 THE TAGUCHI METHOD EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 15 1.4 TOXICITY OF COSMETICS TO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 16 1.4.1 Environmental risk assessment 16 1.4.2 Daphnia magna as environmental test organism 18 1.5 REFERENCES 21 1.6 FIGURES 28 CHAPTER 2 THE APPLICATION OF TAGUCHI METHOD IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION TO EXTRACT ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FROM CURCUMA ZEDOARIA 32 2.1 INTRODUCTION 32 2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 35 2.2.1 Materials, sample and reagents 35 2.2.2 Sample preparation 35 2.2.4 DPPH radical scavenging activity test 36 2.2.5 Statistical Analysis 37 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38 2.4 CONCLUSIONS 41 2.5 REFERENCES: 42 2.6 TABLES 45 2.7 FIGURES 48 CHAPTER 3 THE CORRELATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, PHENOLIC, AND FLAVONOID CONTENT FROM INDONESIAN HERBS 50 3.1 INTRODUCTION 50 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 52 3.2.1 Samples herbs 52 3.2.2 Chemicals and reagents 52 3.2.3 Apparatus 53 3.2.4 Ultrasonic extraction 53 3.2.5 DPPH radical scavenging activity test 53 3.2.6 Total phenolic assay 54 3.2.7 Total flavonoid content 55 3.2.8 High performance liquid chromatography analysis 55 3.2.9 Statistical Analysis 56 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57 3.3.1 The TPC content of Indonesian herbs rhizomes 57 3.3.2 The TFC content of Indonesian herbs rhizomes 58 3.3.3 Antioxidant activity of the herbs 59 3.3.4 The correlation of antioxidant activity with TPC and TFC 60 3.6 TABLES 70 3.7 FIGURES 71 CHAPTER 4 ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF PARABENS AND PHENOXYETHANOL IN THE COSMETIC FORMULATIONS TO AQUATIC ORGANISM DAPHNIA MAGNA 78 4.1 INTRODUCTION 78 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 81 4.2.1 Chemicals and reagents 81 4.2.2 Cosmetic samples 81 4.2.3 Test Organisms 82 4.2.4 Apparatus 82 4.2.5 Standard solutions 82 4.2.6 Sample preparation 83 4.2.7 Sample fractionation 83 4.2.8 Acute toxicity test 83 4.2.9 Effect of the preservatives to the cosmetic toxicity 84 4.2.10 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis 85 4.2.11 Data analysis 85 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 86 4.3.1 Acute toxicity test 87 4.3.2 Gas-Chromatographic Analysis 92 4.5 REFERENCES 95 4.6 TABLES 100 4.7 FIGURES 106 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 110

    Chapter 1

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    Chapter 2
    1. Huang, D.; Boxin, O. U.; Prior, R. L. The Chemistry Behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:6, 1841–1856. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030723c
    2. Saeed, N.; Khan, M. R.; Shabbir, M. Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents of Whole Plant Extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
    3. Xu, D. P.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Zhou, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Li, H. B. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18:1, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
    4. Azwanida, N.N. Review on The Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants 2015, 4:3. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
    5. Ravanfar, R.; Tamadon, A.M.; Niakousari, M. Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins from Red Cabbage using Taguchi Design Method. J Food Technol 2015, 52:12:81, 40-8147. https:///doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1880-6
    6. Xu, D. P.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Zhou, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J., … Li, H. Bin. (2017). Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: Extraction, assessment and resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
    7. Şahin, S. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Parameters for Antioxidants from Curcuma longa L. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 2018, 19:2, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.344985
    8. Widyowati, R.; Agil, M. Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Several Indonesian Plants Typically Used in Jamu. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018, 66:5, 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c17-00983
    9. Hernández-Rodríguez, G.; Espinosa-Solares, T.; Hernández-Eugenio, G.; Villa-García, M.; Reyes-Trejo, B.; Guerra-Ramírez, D. Influence of Polar Solutions on The Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Capulín Fruits (Prunus serotina). Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society 2016, 60:2, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v60i2.76
    10. Song, J.; Li, D.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Y. Optimized Microwave-assisted Extraction of Total Phenolics (TP) from Ipomoea batatas Leaves and Its Antioxidant Activity. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2011, 12:3, 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2011.03.001
    11. Wang, S.; Su, T-L.; Ye, J-Y.; Lo, L. Application of Taguchi method in the optimization of antioxidant activity for Australian tea tree, Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014, 595, 253-257. https:///doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.595.253
    12. Chen, H-H.; Chung, C-C.; Wang, H-Y.; Huang, T-C. Application of Taguchi Method to Optimize Extracted Ginger Oil in Different Drying Conditions. International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology, 2011, IPCBEE vol. 9, IACSIT press, Singapore
    13. Davis, R.; John, P. Application of Taguchi-Based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes. Statistical Approaches with Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes. 2018. Intechopen, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69501
    14. Salacheep, S.; Kasemsiri, P.; Pongsa, U.; Okhawiai, M.; Chindaprasirt, P.; Hiziroglu, S. Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Bioactive Compounds from Butterfly Pea Petals Using Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis. Journal Food Sci. Technology 2020. https:///doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04404-7
    15. Alafiatayo, A. A.; Sahidah, A.; Mahmood, M. Total Anti-oxidant Capacity, Flavonoid, Phenolic Acid and Polyphenol Content in Ten Selected Species of Zingiberaceae rhizomes. African Journal of Traditional Complementary Alternative Medicine 2014, 11:3, 7–13. http://doi.org/ 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.2
    16. Makasana, J.; Dholakiya, B.Z.; Gajbhiye, N.A.; Raju, S. Extractive Determination of Bioactive Flavonoids from Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn.). Research on Chemical Intermediates 2017, 43, 783–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2664-y
    17. Li, M.; Pare, P. W.; Zhang, J.; Kang, T.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, D.; Xing, H. Antioxidant Capacity Connection with Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Chinese Medicinal Herbs. Records of Natural Products 2018, 12:3, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.24.17.08.138
    18. Ramadanil; Damry; Rusdi; Hamzah, B.; Zubair, M. S. Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal 2019, 11:3, 505–510. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.80
    19. Do, Q. D.; Angkawijaya, A. E.; Tran-Nguyen, P. L.; Huynh, L. H.; Soetaredjo, F. E.; Ismadji, S.; Ju, Y. H. Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2014, 22:3, 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
    20. Sepahpour, S.; Selamat, J.; Manap, M. Y. A.; Khatib, A.; Razis, A. F. A. Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Quantitative Characterization of Some Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbs and Spices in Different Solvent Extraction Systems. Molecules 2018, 23:2, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020402
    21. Zhang, H-F.; Yang, X-H.; Wang, Y. Microwave Assisted Extraction of Secondary Metabolites Plants: Current Status and Future Directions. Trends in Food Sci. and Tech 2011, 22, 672-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.07.003

    Chapter 3
    3.1
    1. Huang, D.; Boxin, O. U.; Prior, R. L. The Chemistry Behind Antioxidant Capacity Assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 53:6, 1841–1856. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030723c
    2. Saeed, N.; Khan, M. R.; Shabbir, M. Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Contents of Whole Plant Extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
    3. Li, M.; Pare, P. W.; Zhang, J.; Kang, T.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, D.; Xing, H. Antioxidant Capacity Connection with Phenolic and Flavonoid Content in Chinese Medicinal Herbs. Records of Natural Products 2018, 12:3, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.25135/rnp.24.17.08.138
    4. Silva, S.; Ferreira, M.; Oliveira, A. S.; Magalhães, C.; Sousa, M. E.; Pinto, M.; Almeida, I. F. Evolution of The Use of Antioxidants in Anti-ageing Cosmetics. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2019, 41:4, 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12551
    5. Mukherjee, P. K.; Maity, N.; Nema, N. K.; Sarkar, B. K. Bioactive Compounds from Natural Resources Against Skin Aging. Phytomedicine 2011, 19:1, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.003
    6. Xu, D. P.; Li, Y.; Meng, X.; Zhou, T.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Li, H. B. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18:1, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096
    7. Cahyaningsih, R.; Brehm, J.M.; Maxted, N. Gap Analysis of Indonesian Priority Medicinal Plant Species as Part of Their Conservation Planning. Global Ecology and Conservation 2021, 26, e01459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01459
    8. Ramadanil; Damry; Rusdi; Hamzah, B.; Zubair, M. S. Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal 2019, 11:3, 505–510. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.80
    9. Widyowati, R.; Agil, M. Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Several Indonesian Plants Typically Used in Jamu. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018, 66:5, 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c17-00983
    10. Do, Q. D.; Angkawijaya, A. E.; Tran-Nguyen, P. L.; Huynh, L. H.; Soetaredjo, F. E.; Ismadji, S.; Ju, Y. H. Effect of Extraction Solvent on Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2014, 22:3, 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
    11. Guardado, E.; Molina, E.; Joo, M.; Uriarte, E. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds and Structure-Activity Relationship Evidence. Nutrition, Well-Being and Health. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/29471
    12. Song, J.; Li, D.; Liu, C.; Zhang, Y. Optimized Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolics (TP) from Ipomoea batatas Leaves and Its Antioxidant Activity. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2011, 12;3, 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2011.03.001
    13. Hernández-Rodríguez, G.; Espinosa-Solares, T.; Hernández-Eugenio, G.; Villa-García, M.; Reyes-Trejo, B.; Guerra-Ramírez, D. Influence of Polar Solutions on The Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Capulín Fruits (Prunus serotina). Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society 2016, 60:2, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v60i2.76
    14. Davis, R.; John, P. Application of Taguchi-based Design of Experiments for Industrial Chemical Processes. Statistical Approaches with Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes. 2018. Intechopen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69501
    15. Wang, S. W.; Su, T. L.; Ye, J. Y.; Lo, L. Application of Taguchi Method in The Optimization of Antioxidant Activity for Australian Tea Tree. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2014, 595, 253–257. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.595.253
    16. Şahin, S. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Parameters for Antioxidants from Curcuma longa L. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 2018, 19:2, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.344985
    17. Alafiatayo, A. A.; Sahidah, A.; Mahmood, M. Total Anti-oxidant Capacity, Flavonoid, Phenolic Acid and Polyphenol Content in Ten Selected Species of Zingiberaceae rhizomes. African Journal of Traditional Complementary Alternative Medicine 2014, 11:3, 7–13. http://doi.org/ 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.2
    18. Kuppusamy, P.; Lee, K. D.; Song, C. E.; Ilavenil, S.; Srigopalram, S.; Arasu, M. V.; Choi, K. C. Quantification of Major Phenolic and Flavonoid Markers in Forage Crop Lolium multiflorum using HPLC-DAD. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 2018, 28:3, 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.03.006
    19. Azwanida, N.N. Review on The Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants 2015, 4:3. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
    20. Djeridane, A.; Yousfi, M.; Nadjemi, B.; Boutassouna, D.; Stocker, P.; Vidal, N. Antioxidant Activity of Some Algerian Medicinal Plant Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds. Food Chemistry 2006, 97, 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.028
    21. Kainama, H.; Fatmawati, S.; Santoso, M.; Papilaya, P.M.; Ersam, T. The Relationship of Free Radical Scavenging and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Garcinia lasoar PAM. Pharm. Chem. J 2020, 53(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-020-02139-5
    22. Sepahpour, S.; Selamat, J.; Manap, M. Y. A.; Khatib, A.; Razis, A. F. A. Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Quantitative Characterization of Some Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbs and Spices in Different Solvent Extraction Systems. Molecules 2018, 23:2, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020402
    23. Akarchariya, N.; Sirilun, S.; Julsrigival, J.; Chansakaowa, S. Chemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb. collected in Thailand. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017, 7:10, 881–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.009
    24. Seal, T. Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and Ascorbic Acid in Four Different Solvent Extracts of Two Wild Edible Leaves, Sonchus arvensis and Oenanthe linearis of North-Eastern Region in India. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2016, 6:2, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.60225
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    Chapter 4
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    2. Neza, E.; Centini, M. Microbiologically Contaminated and Over-preserved Cosmetic Products According RApex 2008-2014. Cosmetics 2016, 3:3. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics3010003
    3. Kim, D.; Cui, R.; Moon, J.; Kwak, J.I.; Kim, S.W.; Kim, D.; An, Y-J. Estimation of The Soil Hazardous Concentration of Methylparaben Using a Species Sensitivity Approach. Environmental Polution 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.053
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