目的：探討認知功能正常與輕度障礙兩組高齡者平衡與步態之差異。方法：本研究於新竹市C級照護據點招募41名高齡者，事先透過30秒椅子坐立與MoCA認知檢測進行篩選與分組，共納入30名作為收案對象，再藉由Zebris足底壓力板進行靜態平衡能力與步態表現檢測。統計方法採用獨立樣本t檢定針對各項參數進行組間考驗。結果：在平衡方面，輕度認知障礙組無論是X或Y軸位移以及COP晃動面積皆顯著大於認知功能正常組；輕度認知障礙族群在標準化步長、行走速度皆低於認知功能正常組，而步態不對稱指標則顯著高於認知正常組；最後在步態變異性的部分，輕度認知障礙族群於行走速度、雙腳支撐期、步幅時間之變異性皆高於認知功能正常組（p < .05）。結論：由上述結果可得知，在輕度認知障礙族群中可觀察到與認知功能相關的平衡與步態變化，又以COP晃動面積、標準化步長、行走速度與不對稱指標達顯著差異。換言之，當人體無法有效控制行走動作時，會藉由調整行走策略以提升穩定性。若無法有效處理與整合訊息，將導致步態週期間出現較大變異性，進而增加跌倒的機率。由此可知，步態檢測可作為評估認知功能的預測指標。使用步態表現評估認知功能優劣時，需特別著重行走速度、標準化步長，另可將步態變異性與不對稱指標納入探討。建議未來學者在從事相關議題的研究時，可考慮將失智症患者納入研究，以藉此提供醫療人員或職能治療單位更完整的學理知識，並提出藉由步態表現預測認知功能優劣的具體執行方法。

Purpose: This study investigated the differences in balance and gait between elderly people with normal cognitive function and those with mild cognitive impairment. Method: Subjects were recruited at a C-level care site in Hsinchu City, and were excluded and grouped by a 30-second chair sit-to-stand and MoCA cognitive function screening, and then tested for static balance and gait performance using a Zebris foot pressure plate. The Zebris foot pressure plate was then used to test static balance and gait performance. The post-test was conducted using independent sample t-tests for each parameter. Result: In terms of balance, the mild cognitive impairment group had significantly greater X- or Y-axis displacement and COP sway area than the cognitively normal group; the mild cognitive impairment group had lower standardized stride length and walking speed than the cognitively normal group, while the gait asymmetry was significantly higher than the cognitively normal group. Finally, the gait variability was higher in the group with mild cognitive impairment than in the group with normal cognitive function (p < .05). Conclusion: From the above results, it can be seen that balance and gait changes related to cognitive function were observed in the mild cognitive impairment group, with the most significant changes in COP sway area, standardized stride length, walking speed, and asymmetry indicators. In other words, when the body cannot effectively control walking movements, it will adjust its walking strategies to improve stability. In the case of muscle weakness, the key to maintaining gait stability is the ability to perform and process cognitive functions such as speed, and the inability to effectively process and integrate information will lead to greater variability in gait cycle and increase the probability of falls. Therefore, it is recommended that future occupational therapy units should incorporate appropriate cognitive stimulation in their training programs to enhance the cognitive functions, postural control, and multi-tasking abilities of the elderly. In addition, when conducting gait testing or related experiments, researchers can take into account the cognitive function of the subjects and conduct in-depth studies on gait variability.

石翔至、蔡正中（2011）。人體平衡能力的評估與訓練成效之探討。中華體育季刊，25（1），173-180。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2501.201103.2119
李棟洲、武俊傑（2015）。老年步態障礙。臺灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌，10（1），1-15。https://doi.org/10.29461/TGG.201502_10(1).0001
東仁張、駿裴（2018）。高齡者生理感官退化對自尊影響之關鍵因素心智決策模式分析。福祉科技與服務管理學刊，6（4），339-352。https://doi.org/10.6283/JOCSG.201812_6(4).339
邱文信、陳羿揚、黃依婷（2019）。規律走路運動對高齡者平衡能力的影響。大專體育學刊，21（4），331-341。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.201912_21(4).0003
張怡雯、陳俐蓉、羅明葵、陳緯蓉、吳鴻文（2017）。水中運動訓練對於老年人跨越障礙物步態參數的影響。華人運動生物力學期刊，14（1），36-43。https://doi.org/10.3966/207332672017061401006
陳贊仰（2015）。以慣性式感應器偵測步態不對稱之研究。﹝碩士論文。國立臺灣師範大學﹞臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/292xpk。
曾建寧、詹惠雅、李欣慈（2011）。運用於老人認知刺激之整體性認知測量工具。台灣醫學，15（4），429-437。https://doi.org/10.6320/FJM.2011.15(4).12
黃得峯、何維華 (2012)。探討3D轉體剌激介入對平衡能力之變化。華人運動生物力學期刊，7，31-34。
蔡彥佑、王國鑌、陳泰廷 (2018)。注意力焦點與高爾夫運動表現的研究典範：回顧與未來展望。臺灣運動心理學報，18（1），77-93。https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT.201805_18(1).0005
Alfieri, F. M., Riberto, M., Gatz, L. S., Ribeiro, C. P., Lopes, J. A., & Battistella, L. R. (2012). Comparison of multisensory and strength training for postural control in the elderly. Clinical interventions in aging, 7, 119–125. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S27747
Allan, L. M., Ballard, C. G., Rowan, E. N., & Kenny, R. A. (2009). Incidence and prediction of falls in dementia: a prospective study in older people. PloS one, 4(5), e5521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005521
Ashton G. C. (1982). Handedness: an alternative hypothesis. Behavior genetics, 12(2), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065761
Bahureksa, L., Najafi, B., Saleh, A., Sabbagh, M., Coon, D., Mohler, M. J., & Schwenk, M. (2017). The Impact of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Gait and Balance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Instrumented Assessment. Gerontology, 63(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445831
Bayot, M., Dujardin, K., Tard, C., Defebvre, L., Bonnet, C. T., Allart, E., & Delval, A. (2018). The interaction between cognition and motor control: A theoretical framework for dual-task interference effects on posture, gait initiation, gait and turning. Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology, 48(6), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2018.10.003
Beauchet, O., Allali, G., Annweiler, C., Bridenbaugh, S., Assal, F., Kressig, R. W., & Herrmann, F. R. (2009). Gait variability among healthy adults: low and high stride-to-stride variability are both a reflection of gait stability. Gerontology, 55(6), 702–706. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235905
Benichou, O., & Lord, S. R. (2016). Rationale for Strengthening Muscle to Prevent Falls and Fractures: A Review of the Evidence. Calcified tissue international, 98(6), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0107-9
Bohle, H., Rimpel, J., Schauenburg, G., Gebel, A., Stelzel, C., Heinzel, S., Rapp, M., & Granacher, U. (2019). Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Cognitive-Motor Interference during Multitasking in Young and Old Adults. Neural plasticity, 2019, 9478656. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9478656
Boisgontier, M. P., Beets, I. A., Duysens, J., Nieuwboer, A., Krampe, R. T., & Swinnen, S. P. (2013). Age-related differences in attentional cost associated with postural dual tasks: increased recruitment of generic cognitive resources in older adults. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 37(8), 1824–1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.014
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J. P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lambert, E., … Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British journal of sports medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Cho, K., Lee, K., Lee, B., Lee, H., & Lee, W. (2014). Relationship between Postural Sway and Dynamic Balance in Stroke Patients. Journal of physical therapy science, 26(12), 1989–1992. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1989
Costa, K. G. D., Hussey, E. K., Fontes, E. B., Menta, A., Ramsay, J. W., Hancock, C. L., Loverro, K. L., Marfeo, E., & Ward, N. (2021). Effects of Cognitive Over Postural Demands on Upright Standing Among Young Adults. Perceptual and motor skills, 128(1), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520972879
Demnitz, N., Esser, P., Dawes, H., Valkanova, V., Johansen-Berg, H., Ebmeier, K. P., & Sexton, C. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies examining the relationship between mobility and cognition in healthy older adults. Gait & posture, 50, 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.028
Falk, J., Strandkvist, V., Vikman, I., Pauelsen, M., & Röijezon, U. (2021). What Explains Successful or Unsuccessful Postural Adaptations to Repeated Surface Perturbations among Older Adults?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(22), 12069. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212069
Fernandes, V. L. S., Ribeiro, D. M., Fernandes, L. C., & Menezes, R. L. D. (2018). Postural changes versus balance control and falls in community-living older adults: a systematic review. Fisioterapia em Movimento, 31.
Franz, J. R., & Kram, R. (2013). Advanced age affects the individual leg mechanics of level, uphill, and downhill walking. Journal of biomechanics, 46(3), 535–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.032
Franz, J. R., & Kram, R. (2013). How does age affect leg muscle activity/coactivity during uphill and downhill walking?. Gait & posture, 37(3), 378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.08.004
Gallardo-Gómez, D., Del Pozo-Cruz, J., Noetel, M., Álvarez-Barbosa, F., Alfonso-Rosa, R. M., & Del Pozo Cruz, B. (2022). Optimal dose and type of exercise to improve cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and bayesian model-based network meta-analysis of RCTs. Ageing research reviews, 76, 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101591
Gamir-Morralla, A., Belbin, O., Fortea, J., Alcolea, D., Ferrer, I., Lleó, A., & Iglesias, T. (2017). Kidins220 Correlates with Tau in Alzheimer's Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 55(4), 1327–1333. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160639
Gonzalez, C. L. R., van Rootselaar, N. A., & Gibb, R. L. (2018). Sensorimotor lateralization scaffolds cognitive specialization. Progress in brain research, 238, 405–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.011
Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Gollhofer, A., Kressig, R. W., & Zahner, L. (2011). An intergenerational approach in the promotion of balance and strength for fall prevention - a mini-review. Gerontology, 57(4), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320250
Halmágyi, G. M., & Curthoys, I. S. (2021). Vestibular contributions to the Romberg test: Testing semicircular canal and otolith function. European journal of neurology, 28(9), 3211–3219. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14942
Hamed, A., Bohm, S., Mersmann, F., & Arampatzis, A. (2018). Exercises of dynamic stability under unstable conditions increase muscle strength and balance ability in the elderly. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(3), 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13019
Harman D. (1981). The aging process. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 78(11), 7124–7128. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
Harper, S. A., Beethe, A. Z., Dakin, C. J., & Bolton, D. A. E. (2021). Promoting Generalized Learning in Balance Recovery Interventions. Brain sciences, 11(3), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030402
Hausdorff J. M. (2005). Gait variability: methods, modeling and meaning. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-2-19
Herold, F., Müller, P., Gronwald, T., & Müller, N. G. (2019). Dose-Response Matters! - A Perspective on the Exercise Prescription in Exercise-Cognition Research. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02338
Higuma, M., Sanjo, N., Mitoma, H., Yoneyama, M., & Yokota, T. (2017). Whole-Day Gait Monitoring in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Relationship between Attention and Gait Cycle. Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-170001
Himann, J. E., Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., & Paterson, D. H. (1988). Age-related changes in speed of walking. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 20(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198820020-00010
Hoops, S., Nazem, S., Siderowf, A. D., Duda, J. E., Xie, S. X., Stern, M. B., & Weintraub, D. (2009). Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 73(21), 1738–1745. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b47
Iersel, M. B., Kessels, R. P., Bloem, B. R., Verbeek, A. L., & Olde Rikkert, M. G. (2008). Executive functions are associated with gait and balance in community-living elderly people. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 63(12), 1344–1349. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/63.12.1344
Jayakody, O., Breslin, M., Beare, R., Siejka, T. P., Gujjari, S., Srikanth, V. K., Blumen, H. M., & Callisaya, M. L. (2021). The association between simple reaction time variability and gait variability: The Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait. Gait & posture, 89, 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.07.016
Jessen, F., Wolfsgruber, S., Wiese, B., Bickel, H., Mösch, E., Kaduszkiewicz, H., Pentzek, M., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Luck, T., Fuchs, A., Weyerer, S., Werle, J., van den Bussche, H., Scherer, M., Maier, W., Wagner, M., & German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (2014). AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 10(1), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.017
Julayanont, P., Tangwongchai, S., Hemrungrojn, S., Tunvirachaisakul, C., Phanthumchinda, K., Hongsawat, J., Suwichanarakul, P., Thanasirorat, S., & Nasreddine, Z. S. (2015). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic: A Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Illiterate and Low-Educated Elderly Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(12), 2550–2554. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13820
Karamanidis, K., Arampatzis, A., & Brüggemann, G. P. (2003). Symmetry and reproducibility of kinematic parameters during various running techniques. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(6), 1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000069337.49567.F0
Kikkert, L. H. J., Vuillerme, N., van Campen, J. P., Hortobágyi, T., & Lamoth, C. J. (2016). Walking ability to predict future cognitive decline in old adults: A scoping review. Ageing research reviews, 27, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.001
Kivipelto, M., Mangialasche, F., & Ngandu, T. (2018). Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease. Nature reviews. Neurology, 14(11), 653–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0070-3
Knopman, D. S., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: a clinical perspective. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 89(10), 1452–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.06.019
Lamoth, C. J., van Deudekom, F. J., van Campen, J. P., Appels, B. A., de Vries, O. J., & Pijnappels, M. (2011). Gait stability and variability measures show effects of impaired cognition and dual tasking in frail people. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 8, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-8-2
Lee, C. M., Woodward, M., Batty, G. D., Beiser, A. S., Bell, S., Berr, C., Bjertness, E., Chalmers, J., Clarke, R., Dartigues, J. F., Davis-Plourde, K., Debette, S., Di Angelantonio, E., Feart, C., Frikke-Schmidt, R., Gregson, J., Haan, M. N., Hassing, L. B., Hayden, K. M., Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P., … Huxley, R. R. (2020). Association of anthropometry and weight change with risk of dementia and its major subtypes: A meta-analysis consisting 2.8 million adults with 57 294 cases of dementia. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 21(4), e12989. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12989
Lee, D. Y., Seo, S. G., Kim, E. J., Lee, D. J., Bae, K. J., Lee, K. M., & Choi, I. H. (2017). Inter-segmental motions of the foot: differences between younger and older healthy adult females. Journal of foot and ankle research, 10, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0211-8
Lindemann, U. (2020). Spatiotemporal gait analysis of older persons in clinical practice and research: Which parameters are relevant?. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 53(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-019-01520-8
Mahlknecht, P., Kiechl, S., Bloem, B. R., Willeit, J., Scherfler, C., Gasperi, A., ... & Seppi, K. (2013). Prevalence and burden of gait disorders in elderly men and women aged 60–97 years: a population-based study. PloS one, 8(7), e69627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627
Martin, K. L., Blizzard, L., Wood, A. G., Srikanth, V., Thomson, R., Sanders, L. M., & Callisaya, M. L. (2013). Cognitive function, gait, and gait variability in older people: a population-based study. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(6), 726-732. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls224
Montero-Odasso, M., Casas, A., Hansen, K. T., Bilski, P., Gutmanis, I., Wells, J. L., & Borrie, M. J. (2009). Quantitative gait analysis under dual-task in older people with mild cognitive impairment: a reliability study. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 6, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-6-35
Montero-Odasso, M., Muir, S. W., Hall, M., Doherty, T. J., Kloseck, M., Beauchet, O., & Speechley, M. (2011). Gait variability is associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 66(5), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr007
Mortaza, N., Abu Osman, N. A., & Mehdikhani, N. (2014). Are the spatio-temporal parameters of gait capable of distinguishing a faller from a non-faller elderly?. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 50(6), 677–691.
Najafi, B., Helbostad, J. L., Moe-Nilssen, R., Zijlstra, W., & Aminian, K. (2009). Does walking strategy in older people change as a function of walking distance?. Gait & posture, 29(2), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.09.002
Nam, G. E., Park, Y. G., Han, K., Kim, M. K., Koh, E. S., Kim, E. S., Lee, M. K., Kim, B., Hong, O. K., & Kwon, H. S. (2019). BMI, Weight Change, and Dementia Risk in Patients With New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Diabetes care, 42(7), 1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1667
Narici, M. V., & Maffulli, N. (2010). Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance. British medical bulletin, 95, 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldq008
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology, 7(1), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285 (75)90004-3
Osoba, M. Y., Rao, A. K., Agrawal, S. K., & Lalwani, A. K. (2019). Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review. Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 4(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.252
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 25(3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581
Davids, J. R., Perry, J., & Slac, T. (1992). Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 12(6), 815.
Pieruccini-Faria, F., Black, S. E., Masellis, M., Smith, E. E., Almeida, Q. J., Li, K. Z. H., Bherer, L., Camicioli, R., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2021). Gait variability across neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders: Results from the Canadian Consortium of Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA) and the Gait and Brain Study. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 17(8), 1317–1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12298
Pieruccini-Faria, F., Lord, S. R., Toson, B., Kemmler, W., & Schoene, D. (2019). Mental Flexibility Influences the Association Between Poor Balance and Falls in Older People - A Secondary Analysis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 11, 133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00133
Quijoux, F., Vienne-Jumeau, A., Bertin-Hugault, F., Zawieja, P., Lefèvre, M., Vidal, P. P., & Ricard, D. (2020). Center of pressure displacement characteristics differentiate fall risk in older people: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Ageing research reviews, 62, 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101117
Richer, N., & Lajoie, Y. (2020). Automaticity of Postural Control while Dual-tasking Revealed in Young and Older Adults. Experimental aging research, 46(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2019.1693044
Roalf, D. R., Moberg, P. J., Xie, S. X., Wolk, D. A., Moelter, S. T., & Arnold, S. E. (2013). Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 9(5), 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.001
Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Mielke, M. M., Cha, R. H., Pankratz, V. S., Christianson, T. J., Geda, Y. E., Boeve, B. F., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., Rocca, W. A., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal. Neurology, 82(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000055
Robinovitch, S. N., Heller, B., Lui, A., & Cortez, J. (2002). Effect of strength and speed of torque development on balance recovery with the ankle strategy. Journal of neurophysiology, 88(2), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.613
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological review, 84(1), 1.
Schöner, G., & Kelso, J. A. S. (1988). A synergetic theory of environmentally-specified and learned patterns of movement coordination: I. Relative phase dynamics. Biological cybernetics, 58(2), 71-80.
Šentija, D., Rakovac, M., & Babic, V. (2012). Anthropometric characteristics and gait transition speed in human locomotion. Human Movement Science, 31(3), 672-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.06.006
Siragy, T., & Nantel, J. (2018). Quantifying dynamic balance in young, elderly and Parkinson's individuals: a systematic review. Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 10, 387. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00387
Skiadopoulos, A., Moore, E. E., Sayles, H. R., Schmid, K. K., & Stergiou, N. (2020). Step width variability as a discriminator of age-related gait changes. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 17(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00671-9
Snijders, A. H, van de Warrenbyrg, B. P., Giladi, N., & Bloem, B.R, (2007). Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification. The Lancet Neurology, 6(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70678-0
Song , G. b., & Park, E. C.(2016). Effects of Neck and Trunk Stabilization Exercise on Balance in Older Adults. Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 28(4):221-226.
Studenski, S., Perera, S., Patel, K., Rosano, C., Faulkner, K., Inzitari, M., Brach, J., Chandler, J., Cawthon, P., Connor, E. B., Nevitt, M., Visser, M., Kritchevsky, S., Badinelli, S., Harris, T., Newman, A. B., Cauley, J., Ferrucci, L., & Guralnik, J. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA, 305(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1923
Sturchio, A., Dwivedi, A. K., Young, C. B., Malm, T., Marsili, L., Sharma, J. S., Mahajan, A., Hill, E. J., Andaloussi, S. E., Poston, K. L., Manfredsson, F. P., Schneider, L. S., Ezzat, K., & Espay, A. J. (2021). High cerebrospinal amyloid-β 42 is associated with normal cognition in individuals with brain amyloidosis. EClinicalMedicine, 38, 100988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100988
Tavares, G. M. S., Pacheco, B. P., Gottlieb, M. G. V., Müller, D. V. K., & Santos, G. M. (2020). Interaction between cognitive status, fear of falling, and balance in elderly persons. Clinics, 75. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e1612
Tesio, L., & Rota, V. (2019). The Motion of Body Center of Mass During Walking: A Review Oriented to Clinical Applications. Frontiers in neurology, 10, 999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00999
Thomas, E., Battaglia, G., Patti, A., Brusa, J., Leonardi, V., Palma, A., & Bellafiore, M. (2019). Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly. Medicine, 98(27), e16218. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000016218
Valkanova, V., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2017). What can gait tell us about dementia? Review of epidemiological and neuropsychological evidence. Gait & posture, 53, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.01.024
Valkanova, V., Esser, P., Demnitz, N., Sexton, C. E., Zsoldos, E., Mahmood, A., Griffanti, L., Kivimäki, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Dawes, H., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2018). Association between gait and cognition in an elderly population based sample. Gait & posture, 65, 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.178
Watson, N. L., Rosano, C., Boudreau, R. M., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., Hardy, S. E., Atkinson, H. H., Yaffe, K., Satterfield, S., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., & Health ABC Study (2010). Executive function, memory, and gait speed decline in well-functioning older adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 65(10), 1093–1100. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq111
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research. Gait & posture, 16(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(01)00156-4
Wu, R., Delahunt, E., Ditroilo, M., Lowery, M., & De Vito, G. (2016). Effects of age and sex on neuromuscular-mechanical determinants of muscle strength. Age (Dordr), 38(3), 57. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9921-2
Zhou, F., Xi, X., & Qin, C. (2020). Regular open-skill exercise generally enhances attentional resources related to perceptual processing in young males. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 941. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00941