中文摘要
本研究旨在探討阿德勒取向之非行少年早期記憶，試圖描繪本土非行少年的早期記憶輪廓，並深入探討其私有邏輯。研究方法採紮根理論，研究對象為26名在少年矯正學校受感化教育之非行少年，研究者透過問卷調查的方式蒐集非行少年早期記憶的素材，接著以半結構式的訪談挖掘非行少年內在的私有邏輯，企圖忠實反應非行少年所感知到的世界，並窺見偏差非行的開端，以利輔導與矯治。
非行少年的早期記憶研究發現整理如下：
一、 非行少年的早期記憶輪廓深刻地描繪出家庭的紛亂與衝突。
二、 非行少年的早期記憶輪廓充滿生病發燒、意外發生與受傷經驗。
三、 非行少年的早期記憶呈現挑戰權威與反抗權力的內容。
四、 非行少年的早期記憶輪廓參雜了性的色彩。
五、 非行少年的早期記憶預見偏差與非行的影子。
六、 非行少年的早期記憶出現過早嘗試菸酒與酒精濫用的經驗。
七、 非行少年的早期記憶輪廓突顯出其少有的正向經驗。
八、 非行少年的早期記憶輪廓充滿緊張、焦慮與害怕等情緒。
研究者發現非行少年的私有邏輯充滿負面、消極的自我概念，並且開始形成負面的親職形象與家庭概念，常有叛逆、不在乎或逃避懲罰的私有邏輯，對於事件後果的私有邏輯常是外控的，經常有重朋友、重義氣、性是好玩的等私有邏輯。
最後，研究者針對研究結果進行反思與討論，並對未來研究與輔導、矯治實務工作提出建議。

關鍵字：非行少年、早期記憶、私有邏輯

Abstract
The purpose of this thesis was to explore the early recollections of local juvenile delinquents, and tried to describe the picture of their early recollections and to explore their private logic. The grounded theory method was adopted for this research. Twenty-six juvenile delinquents, who were in juvenile correction school, participated in this research. The researcher collected source materials of their early recollections via questionnaires, and explored their private logic by semi-structured interviewing.
The findings of the early recollections of juvenile delinquents are shown as follows:
First of all, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents figure confusion and conflicts of their families deeply. Second, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents are full of sick, accidental, and injured experiences. Third, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents present that they tried to resist and challenge the authority. Forth, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents contain the color of sex. Fifth, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents can help us preview their deviations and delinquencies. Sixth, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents show that they tried and abused smoking and drinking untimely. Seventh, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents highlight that they owned few positive experiences. Eighth, the early recollections of juvenile delinquents are filled with the feelings of nervousness, anxiety and fear.
The researcher found that the private logic of juvenile delinquents was full of negative and passive self-concepts, which causes juvenile delinquents to form negative parental image and familial concepts gradually. Accordingly, the juvenile delinquents often had the private logic of rebellion, carelessness and avoiding punishments, tended to be out-controlled, emphasized the importance of friends and the loyalty to their peers, and regard sex as fun.
Finally, according to the results of this research, the suggestions to future related research and correction works are mentioned.

Keywords: early recollections, juvenile delinquents, private logic

參考文獻
朱儀羚(2003)。犯行青少年之自我敘事與自我認定。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
吳芝儀、廖梅花譯(1995)。質的研究與評鑑。台北：桂冠。
吳芝儀、廖梅花譯(2001)。質性研究入門—紮根理論研究方法。嘉義：濤石。Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Basic of qualitative research: Ground theory procedures and techniques.
吳淑禎(1996)。適應欠佳兒童的早期記憶探索。彰師大輔導學報，19期，323~351頁。
吳淑禎(1999)。早期記憶諮商模式對大學生適應困擾問題覺察之影響及其諮商效果之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系博士論文。
李茂興譯(1996)。諮商與心理治療的理論與實務。台北：揚智。Corey, G. (1996). Theory and practice of counseling and psychology.
李雅齡(1987)。青少年偏差行為形成過程之探討—驗證標籤理論。私立東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
周秀姝(2004)。再犯少年世界觀及其再犯行為之探討。私立中國文化大學心理輔導研究所碩士論文。
林生傳(1996)。教育社會學。高雄：復文。
胡幼慧(1996)。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北：巨流。
徐吉春(2000)。國民中學階段中輟學生與非中輟生自我概念之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
徐宗國(1996)。紮根理論研究法：淵源、原則、技術與涵義。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例（胡幼慧主編）。台北：巨流。
徐宗國譯(1997)。質性研究概論。台北：巨流。Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1997). Basic of qualitative research: Ground theory procedures and techniques.
張景然(1992)。青少年犯罪學。台北：巨流。
張景然(2001)。青少年犯罪心理學。台北：巨流。
許春金(1999)。少年偏差行為早年預測之研究：總結報告。台北：行政院青輔會。
郭從吉(2001)。犯罪青少年的非理性信念、內外控人格特質與生氣情緒關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳金燕譯(2000)。諮商與心理治療：多元文化觀點。台北：五南。Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., & Simek-Morgan, L. (1990). Counseling and psychotherapy: A multicultural perspective.
黃光國譯(1989)。自卑與超越。台北：志文。Adler, A. (1932). What life should mean to you.
黃堅厚(1994)。國人早年記憶研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(編號：NSC83-0301-H029-013)。
黃富源(2002)。當前我國青少年犯罪原因與對策。國家政策論壇，2卷，4期，81-88頁。
楊士隆(2001)。犯罪心理學。台北：五南。
蘇恆舜(1998)。保護管束少年再犯影響因素之研究。國立中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
顧英蕙(2000)。影響青少年再次犯罪之因素初探。私立東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
Adler, A. (1937). The significance of early recollections. International Journal of Individual Psychology, 3, 283-287.
Adler, A. (1947). How I chose my career. Individual Psychology Bulletin, 6, 9-11.
Adler, A. (1958). What life should mean to you (Porter, A. Ed.). New York: Capricorn Books. (Original work published 1931.)
Adler, A. (1964). Problems of neurosis (Mairet, P. Ed.). New York: Harper & Row. (Original work published 1929.)
Allers, C. T., Katrin, S. E., & White, J. F. (1997). Comparison of tape-recorded and handwritten early recollections: Investigating the assumption of equivalence. Journal of Individual Psychology, 53(3), 342-346.
Ansbacher, H. L. (1947). Adler’s place in the psychology of memory. Journal of Individual Personality, 3, 197-207.
Ansbacher, H. L., & Ansbacher, R. R. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
Barrett, D. (2003). The first memory as a predictor of personality traits. Journal of Individual Psychology, 36, 136-149.
Borden, B. L. (1982). Early recollection as a diagnostic technique with primary age children. Journal of Individual Psychology, 38, 207-212.
Bruhn, A. R. (1985). Using early memories as a projective technique: The cognitive perceptual method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(6), 587-597.
Bruhn, A. R., & Davidow, S. (1983). Earliest memories and the dynamics of delinquency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47(5), 476-482.
Bruhn, A. R., & Davidow, S. (1990). Earliest memories and the dynamics of delinquency: A replication study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54(3&4), 601-606.
Bruhn, A. R., & Last, J. M. (1985). Distinguishing child diagnostic types with early memories. Journal of Personality Assessment, 29(2), 187-192.
Bruhn, A. R., & Tobey, L. H. (1992). Early memories and the criminally dangerous. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59(1), 137-152.
Coram, G. J., & Hafner, J. L. (1988). Early recollections and hypnosis. Journal of Individual Psychology, 44(4), 472-480.
Corey, G. (1996). Case approach to counseling and psychology. Thomson Learning.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, R. S. (2000). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In Handbook of Qualitative Research. (pp.1-29). Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications, Inc.
Eckstein, D. G. (1976). Early recollection changes after counseling：A case study. Journal of Individual Psychology, 32(1), 212-223.
Elliott, W. N., Fakouri, M. E., & Hafner, J. L. (1993). Early recollections of criminal offenders. Journal of Individual Psychology, 49(1), 68-75.
Friedman, A. (1952). Early childhood memories of mental patients. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 2, 226-269.
Frieman, J., & Schiffman, H. (1962). Early recollections of schizophrenic and depressed patients. Journal of Individual Psychology, 18, 57-61.
Grunberg, J. (1989). Early recollections and criminal behavior in mentally-ill homeless men. Journal of Individual Psychology, 45(3), 289-299.
Hankoff, L. D. (1987). The earliest memories of criminals. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 31, 195-121.
Kadis, A. L. (1957). Early childhood recollections as aids in group psychotherapy. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13, 182-187.
Kadis, A. L., Greene, J. S., & Freedman, N. (1952). Early childhood recollections—An integrative technique of personality test data. American Journal of Individual Psychology, 10, 31-42.
Keniston, K. (1970). Youth and dissent. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Kopp, R. R., & Der, D. (1982). Level of activity in adolescents’ early recollections: A validity study. Journal of Adlerian Theory, 38(3), 213-222.
Langs, R. J., Rothenberg, M. B., Fishman, J. R., & Reiser, M. F. (1960). A method for clinical and theoretical study of the earliest memory. Archives of General Psychiatry, 3, 523-534.
Levy, J. (1965). Early memories: Theoretical aspects and application. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 29, 281-291.
Lieberman, M. G. (1957). Childhood memories as a projective technique. Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 32-36.
Manaster, G. J., Berra, S., & Mays, M. (2001). Manaster-Perryman early recollections scoring manual: Findings and summary. Journal of Individual Psychology, 57(4), 413-419.
Manaster, G. J., & Perryman T. B. (1974). Early recollections and occupational choice. Journal of Individual Psychology, 30, 232-237.
Mayman, M. (1963). Psychoanalytic study of the self-organization with psychological tests. In Proceedings of the Academic Assembly on Clinical Psychology (pp.97-117). Montreal: McGill University Press.
McAbee, H. V., & McAbee, N. L. (1979). Draw an early recollection. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.141-148). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
McKelvie, W. H. (1979). Career counseling with early recollections. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.243-255). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Morris, P. L. (1979). Structured early recollections. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.131-140). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Mosak, H. H. (1958). Early recollections as a projective technique. Journal of Projective Techniques, 22, 302-313.
Mosak, H. H., & Pietro, R. D. (2006). Early recollections interpretative method and application. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Myer, R., & James, R. K. (1991). Using early recollections as an assessment technique with children. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 25, 228-232.
Newman, G., & Ferracuti, F. (1977). Psychological theories of delinquency In Landau, S. F., & Sebba, L. (Eds.) Criminology in Perspective (pp.105-168). Washington D. C.: Health & Company.
Olson, H. A. (1979). Techniques of interpretation. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.69-82). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Opedal, L. E. (1935). Analysis of the earliest memory of a delinquent. International Journal of Individual Psychology, 1(3), 52-58.
Papanek, H. (1972). The use of early recollections in psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 28(2), 169-176.
Plottke, P. (1949). First memories of “normal” and “delinquent” girls. Individual Psychology Bulletin, 7, 15-20.
Rehman, G., & Manzoor, A. (2003). Early recollections of Pakistani criminal offenders: A validity study. Journal of Individual Psychology, 59(2), 187-192.
Rogers, G. W. (1977). Early recollection and college achievement. Journal of Individual Psychology, 33, 233-239.
Shulman, B. H., & Mosak, H. H. (1988). Manual for life style assessment. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Sweeney, T. J. (1990). Early recollections: A promising technique for use with older people. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 12(3), 260-269.
Strauss, A., & Cobin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Taylor, J. A. (1975). Early recollections as a projective technique: A review of some recent validation studies. Journal of Individual Psychology, 31, 213-218.
Thatcher, P. (1979). Early recollection in a case of juvenile delinquency. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.304-306). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Verger, D. M., & Camp, W. L. (1970). Early recollections: Reflection of the present. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17(6), 510-515.
Waldfogel, S. (1948). The frequency and affective character of childhood memories. Psychological Monographs, 62(4), 39.
Warren, C. (1982). The relationship between early recollections and behavior patterns. Journal of Individual Psychology, 38(3), 223-227.
Watkins, C. E. (1985). Early recollections as a projective technique in counseling: An Adler view. American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal, 7(1), 32-40.
Watkins, C. E. (1992). Research activities with Adler’s theory. Journal of Individual Psychology, 48(1), 107-108.
Willhite, R. G. (1979). The Willhite: A creative extension of the early recollection process. In H. A. Olson (Ed.), Early recollections: Their use in diagnosis and psychotherapy (pp.108-130). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.