佳興排灣語動詞構詞研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	黃維晨 Huang, Wei-chen
論文名稱：	佳興排灣語動詞構詞研究 A Study of Verbal Morphology in Puljetji Paiwan
指導教授：	齊莉莎 Zeitoun, Elizabeth 曹逢甫 Tsao, Feng-fu
口試委員:	黃美金 Huang, Meei-jin 謝富惠 Hsieh, Fu-hui
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2012
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	288
中文關鍵詞：	排灣語、動詞構詞、動詞分類、主事性、動名詞
外文關鍵詞：	Paiwan, verbal morphology, verb classification, agentivity, gerundive
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本論文採用描述及歸納性的研究方法探討佳興排灣語的動詞構詞。討論的主題有三：動詞分類、詞綴構詞法、重疊構詞法。動詞分類是我討論詞綴與重疊這兩種主要構詞方式的基礎。
就動詞分類而言，本論文提出根據不同動詞在誘發「形素轉換」（morph alternation）的環境時所呈現的構詞特徵，佳興排灣語可區分出五類動詞：（一）呈現ma-/ka-轉換的動詞、（二）呈現Ø/ka-轉換的動詞、（三）呈現/Ø轉換的動詞、（四）呈現m/p轉換的動詞、（五）沒有顯著形素轉換的動詞。前兩類動詞可統稱為「靜態動詞」，因為他們在誘發形素轉換的環境中帶有ka-1 ‘靜態；靜態動名詞’這個標記。後三類動詞可統稱為「非靜態動詞」，因為他們在誘發形素轉換的環境中不帶有ka-1這個靜態標記。
本論文也探討佳興排灣語動詞的直述句主事者語態形式與其相對應的轉換形式（用於誘發形素轉換的環境）間是否有任何句法或語意上的差異。研究結果顯示：就句法而言，兩種型式都可能出現在名詞的句法位置；就語意而言，動詞的直述句主事者語態形式通常表示具有主事性或主動性的語意，而其轉換形式通常表示非主事性或非主動性的語意。若進一步考量到以下這件事實：在佳興排灣語中，還可以用來衍生某些已作為主事者語態動詞使用的字（包括多數呈現Ø/ka-轉換的靜態動詞以及許多帶有k-或p-開頭詞綴的非靜態動詞），則上述研究結果將強烈暗示著的主要功能在於標記主事性（agentivity）或主動性（activity）而非一般認為的「主事者語態」。
就詞綴構詞法而言，本論文檢視了佳興排灣語中約120個詞綴的形式與功能，發現許多通常接名詞詞基的靜態型詞綴跟處所型詞綴也曾接動詞詞根來衍生新字。這點發現顯示動詞的轉換形式（包括詞根）不僅在句法上具有名詞性，在語意上可能也不若我們所預設的那麼像「動詞」。
就重疊構詞法而言，本論文檢視了佳興排灣語中的三大重疊結構，發現他們的功能都具有高度象似性（iconicity）。因為詞根性重疊的語意功能往往只與詞基本身的語意特徵相關，而與詞基的構詞特徵（包括動詞類別）或詞性無關，因而無法拿來檢視前述動詞分類的可信度。完全重疊同樣不能用以討論動詞分類，因為它已經不再是當代使用的構詞方式。相對而言，Ca-重疊或可用於檢視佳興排灣語的動詞分類，因為它通常會接非靜態動詞詞根來標記「分布」（distributive）（或「相互」）這類的語意功能。

This thesis provides an induction-based, descriptive study of verbal morphology in Puljetji Paiwan. It covers three topics: verb classification, affixation, and reduplication. Verb classification provides a base to discuss affixation and reduplication, the two primary morphological processes in Puljetji Paiwan.
This thesis proposes that verbs in Puljetji Paiwan can be classified into five classes on the basis of morphological criteria (e.g. pattern of morph alternation that each verb exhibits). The five classes of verbs in Puljetji Paiwan are: (i) verbs with ma-/ka- alternation, (ii) verbs with Ø/ka- alternation, (iii) verbs with /Ø alternation, (iv) verbs with m/p alternation, and (v) verbs without overt alternation. The first two classes of verbs can be referred to as ‘stative verbs’ because they are characterized by the marking of ka-1 ‘stative; stative gerundivization’ on their alternant forms. The last three classes of verbs are not marked by ka-1 in triggering environments of morph alternation and are thus referred to as ‘non-stative verbs’.
This thesis also studies the syntactic and semantic contrasts between indicative actor voice (AV) forms and their corresponding alternant forms and reaches two findings. First, both forms can be analyzed as syntactically-defined nominals. Second, indicative AV forms usually denote agentive/non-gerundive and/or active meanings while their corresponding alternant forms express non-agentive/gerundive and/or inactive meanings. These findings (summarized as the ‘gerundive hypothesis’), together with the fact that can be further attached to syntactically-defined AV verbs such as stative verbs with Ø/ka- alternation and non-stative verbs marked with k- or p-initial affixes, strongly imply that primarily marks agentivity (and/or activity) rather than indicative actor voice in Puljetji Paiwan.
After studying the forms and functions of some 120 affixes in Puljetji Paiwan, this thesis shows that many semantically-defined stative and locative affixes, which usually take unambiguous nominal bases, have been used to derive words with verbal roots. This fact suggests that verbal roots in Puljetji Paiwan may not be so ‘verbal’ as we could expect. Instead, they are semantically (as well as syntactically) more nominal-like.
This thesis also shows that reduplication in Puljetji Paiwan typically encodes iconic functions. Root reduplication marks iconic meanings across different verb classes and thus cannot be used to evaluate the proposed verb classification in Puljetji Paiwan. Total reduplication is also not taken into consideration because it is no longer used in word-formation. By contrast, Ca- reduplication may be used to discuss verb classification because it usually mark distributive (and/or reciprocal) on non-stative verbal roots.

Abstract    i
Chinese Abstract (中文摘要)    ii
Acknowledgements (誌謝)    iii
Table of Contents    vii
List of Tables    xiv
List of Figures    xv
List of Maps    xv
List of Abbreviations    xvi
List of Conventions    xvii

Chapter 1  Introduction    1
1    Goals of this thesis    1
2    Background information of Puljetji Paiwan    1
2.1    Location, population, and language use    1
2.2    Ethnographic information    3
2.3    Language history and contact    5
2.4    Data collection    7
2.4.1    Why is Puljetji chosen?    7
2.4.2    Source, collection, and representation of data    9
2.5    Grammatical sketch    11
2.5.1    Phonology    11
2.5.2    Morphosyntax    12
2.5.2.1    Formal marking on nouns    13
2.5.2.2    Formal marking on verbs    15
2.5.2.3    Conjunction of constituents    16
3    Theoretical orientation and definitions of terminology    17
3.1    Category of ‘verbal morphology’    17
3.2    Morphological units    18
4    Organization of this thesis    20
Chapter 2  Verb classification in Puljetji Paiwan    21
1    Preamble    21
2    Literature review    21
2.1    Ogawa & Asai (1935)    21
2.2    Ho (1978a)    23
2.3    Egli (1990)    24
2.4    H. Lin (2010)    25
2.5    Interim summary    27
3    Verb classification in Puljetji Paiwan    28
3.1    Verb classes    30
3.1.1    Stative verbs    30
3.1.1.1    Verbs with ma-/ka- alternation    30
3.1.1.2    Verbs with Ø/ka- alternation    30
3.1.1.2.1    Unmarked stative verbs    31
3.1.1.2.2    Marked with stative affixes other than ma-    31
3.1.2    Non-stative verbs    32
3.1.2.1    Verbs with <em>/Ø alternation    32
3.1.2.1.1    Marked with <em> on bare bases    32
3.1.2.1.2    Marked with <em> on affixes    33
3.1.2.2    Verbs with m/p alternation    34
3.1.2.2.1    With regular m/p alternation on bare bases    34
3.1.2.2.2    With m/p alternation on bare bases when taking pa-1    34
3.1.2.2.3    With regular m/p alternation on prefixed bases    35
3.1.2.2.4    With m/p alternation on prefixed bases when taking pa-1    36
3.1.2.3    Verbs without overt alternation    37
3.1.2.3.1    Unmarked non-stative verbs    37
3.1.2.3.2    Marked with k- or p-initial affixes    37
3.1.2.3.3    Marked with other non-stative affixes    38
3.1.3    Derivation of a stative/non-stative verb    39
3.1.4    Stative vs. non-stative: more than the semantic contrast    41
3.2    Morph alternation: what is altered?    42
3.2.1    Syntactic contrast    43
3.2.2    Semantic contrast    50
3.2.3    Gerundive hypothesis    60
3.2.3.1    Supporting evidence    61
3.2.3.1.1    Triggering environments of morph alternation    61
3.2.3.1.1.1    Affixation    63
3.2.3.1.1.1.1    Indicative UV markers    63
3.2.3.1.1.1.2    Optative and imperative voice markers    64
3.2.3.1.1.1.3    Non-voice aspectual/modal affixes    65
3.2.3.1.1.1.4    Other verbal markers    66
3.2.3.1.1.2    Negative ini clause    68
3.2.3.1.1.3    Subordinate sa clause    70
3.2.3.1.1.4    Irrealis environments    71
3.2.3.1.1.4.1    ulja ‘hope that’ clause    71
3.2.3.1.1.4.2    ki ‘irrealis’ clause    72
3.2.3.1.1.5    Interim summary    73
3.2.3.1.2    Naming principle for non-agentive actors    75
3.2.3.1.3    Loanwords    77
3.2.3.1.4    Syntactic account of the <em>-marked ‘causative’ verbs    79
3.2.3.2    Implications    81
4    Concluding remarks    84
Chapter 3  Affixation in Puljetji Paiwan    87
1    Preamble    87
2    Previous studies    87
3    The present study    90
3.1    Voice affixes    92
3.1.1    Indicative    93
3.1.1.1    Actor voice    93
3.1.1.2    Patient undergoer voice: -en    105
3.1.1.3    Locative undergoer voice: -an1    107
3.1.1.4    Circumstantial undergoer voice: si-1    111
3.1.1.5    UV perfective (+ UVP): <in>    114
3.1.2    Non-indicative    116
3.1.2.1    Optative    117
3.1.2.1.1    -av ‘optative UVP’    118
3.1.2.1.2    -ay ‘optative UVL’    118
3.1.2.1.3    si-...-an1 ‘optative UVC’    119
3.1.2.2    Imperative    120
3.1.2.2.1    -u1 ‘imperative AV’    121
3.1.2.2.2    -u2 ‘imperative UVP’    122
3.1.2.2.3    -i1 ‘imperative UVL’    123
3.1.2.2.4    -an2 ‘imperative UVC’    123
3.1.2.3    Hortative: -i2 ‘hortative AV’    124
3.1.2.4    Subjunctive    125
3.1.2.4.1    -i3 ‘subjunctive UVP’    125
3.1.2.4.2    -i4 ‘subjunctive UVL’    126
3.1.2.4.3    -an3 ‘subjunctive UVC’    127
3.2    Non-voice affixes    127
3.2.1    Affixes with ma-/ka- alternation    128
3.2.1.1    ma-1 ‘stative; quantifier for persons (2-4)’    128
3.2.1.2    ma-2 ‘resultative’    132
3.2.1.3    ma-lje- ‘achieved (state); quantifier for persons (> 1)’    135
3.2.1.4    ma-san(e)- ‘have become (s.t.)’    136
3.2.1.5    ma-su- ‘(s.t.) removed’    137
3.2.1.6    ma-va-li-/ma-vu-li- ‘having circular, looped property’    138
3.2.2    Affixes with Ø/ka- alternation    139
3.2.2.1    <a> ‘(meaning unknown)’    139
3.2.2.2    <al> ‘having quality/sound of (s.t.)’    140
3.2.2.3    <alj> ‘having quality/sound of (s.t.)’    141
3.2.2.4    <ar>1 ‘having quality/sound of (s.t.)’    142
3.2.2.5    i- ‘in, at (direction)’    143
3.2.2.6    li- ‘having shape/figure of (s.t.)’    143
3.2.2.7    na- ‘stative (for inherent property of person or event)’    144
3.2.2.8    sa-1 ‘having quality/odor/flavor of (s.t.)’    145
3.2.2.9    saru- ‘be in a condition of (state)’    146
3.2.2.10    tja-i- ‘in/at (location/side)’    147
3.2.2.11    tjanu- ‘quantifier for container’    148
3.2.3    Affixes with <em>/Ø alternation    148
3.2.3.1    k<em>asi- (masi-) ‘come/do from (s.w.)’    148
3.2.3.2    lj<em>a- ‘to recognize (s.o./s.t.) as akin to (s.t.)’    149
3.2.3.3    lj<em>e- ‘to achieve’    150
3.2.3.4    r<em>a- ‘to do (s.t.) at (time or location)’    151
3.2.3.5    s<em>a-1 (ma-) ‘to go to (s.w.)’    152
3.2.3.6    s<em>a-2 ‘to use (s.t.) (to do s.t.)’    152
3.2.3.7    s<em>an(e)- (man(e)-) ‘to manufacture; to treat (s.o.) as’    153
3.2.3.8    s<em>i-Ca- (mi-Ca-) ‘to act in the fashion of...’    155
3.2.3.9    s<em>u- (mu-) ‘to remove (s.t.)’    156
3.2.3.10    tj<em>a- ‘to take/hold (s.t.) by one’s hand’    157
3.2.4    Affixes with m/p alternation    158
3.2.4.1    ma-3 ‘(meaning unknown)’    158
3.2.4.2    ma-Ca- ‘reciprocal (+ non-stative verb)’    158
3.2.4.3    ma-li- ‘with similar posture of (action)’    159
3.2.4.4    ma-tja- ‘be set on (s.t.); quantifier for places’    160
3.2.4.5    maka-1 ‘go along/through; from (place)’    161
3.2.4.6    maka-2 ‘(do/go) by (active vehicle)’    163
3.2.4.7    maka-3 ‘completive, finished’    163
3.2.4.8    maka-4 ‘abilitative’    164
3.2.4.9    mare- ‘reciprocal (+ noun or stative verb)’    165
3.2.4.10    mareti- ‘(meaning unknown)’    166
3.2.4.11    masi- ‘to carry (s.t.)’    167
3.2.4.12    me- ‘become (s.t.)’    168
3.2.4.13    mi- ‘(body motion)’    169
3.2.4.14    mi-...-an ‘to pretend to be/do (s.t.)’    169
3.2.4.15    mi-Ca- ‘to act in the fashion of (s.t.)’    170
3.2.4.16    min(e)- ‘(rectilinear locomotion or change of state)’    171
3.2.5    Affixes without overt alternation    172
3.2.5.1    -an4 ‘abstract state nominalization’    172
3.2.5.2    <ang> ‘(extended, augmented?)’    175
3.2.5.3    <ar>2 ‘repetitive’    175
3.2.5.4    <edj> ‘(meaning unknown)’    177
3.2.5.5    <el>/<elj>/<er> ‘? nominalization’    177
3.2.5.6    -(e)lj ‘recurrence’    178
3.2.5.7    ka-1 ‘stative; stative gerundivization’    179
3.2.5.8    ka-2 ‘locative state nominalization’    182
3.2.5.9    ka-...-an ‘genuine, prototypical object’    182
3.2.5.10    ka-ru- ‘having like quality of (s.t.)’    184
3.2.5.11    ka-tje-...-an ‘one with (s.t.)’    184
3.2.5.12    kalja-...-an ‘season for s.t. representative’    184
3.2.5.13    kalju- ‘s.t. shared by (number) people’    185
3.2.5.14    kasi- ‘be from; came back from (s.w.)’    186
3.2.5.15    ki-1 ‘to get (s.t.)’    186
3.2.5.16    ki-2 ‘reflexive’    188
3.2.5.17    ki-san(e)- ‘(volitionally) become...’    189
3.2.5.18    ki-tju- ‘(volitionally) do (s.t.) separately’    190
3.2.5.19    kin(e)- ‘to consume (s.t.)’    190
3.2.5.20    lja-1 ‘be akin to (s.t.)’    191
3.2.5.21    lja-2 ‘plural (+ place names or house names)’    192
3.2.5.22    lje- ‘go toward (s.w.)’    193
3.2.5.23    pa-1 ‘causative; to consider (s.o./s.t.) to be’    194
3.2.5.24    pa-2 ‘(meaning unknown)’    196
3.2.5.25    pa-3 ‘location/degree gerundivization?’    198
3.2.5.26    pa-Ca- ‘reciprocal gerundivization (+ non-stative verb)’    198
3.2.5.27    pa-ru- ‘having like quality/shape of (s.t.)’    199
3.2.5.28    pa-sa-1 ‘(go/act) toward (s.w.)’    200
3.2.5.29    pa-sa-2 ‘degree gerundivization’    201
3.2.5.30    pa-tje-/pa-tju- ‘(un)til (location or time)’    201
3.2.5.31    paka-1 ‘be at/from (state/location)’    202
3.2.5.32    paka-2 ‘(do) by (inactive vehicle)’    203
3.2.5.33    pare- ‘reciprocal gerundivization (+ stative verb)’    203
3.2.5.34    pasi- ‘carrying (stative property)’    204
3.2.5.35    pe- ‘emerge; come into view’    205
3.2.5.36    pi-1 ‘being/occurring at (s.w.)’    205
3.2.5.37    pi-2 ‘do (s.t.) randomly’    206
3.2.5.38    pi-3 ‘to wash (body part)’    206
3.2.5.39    pu- ‘bearing, owning (s.t.)’    207
3.2.5.40    pu-...-an ‘location with (s.t.)’    209
3.2.5.41    qa-/qu- ‘(sensitive connection with the spirit world?)’    209
3.2.5.42    qulji- ‘(sensitive connection with the spirit world)’    210
3.2.5.43    ra- ‘be at (s.w.)?’    212
3.2.5.44    ru-1 ‘multiple; repetitive/habitual’    212
3.2.5.45    sa-2 ‘tend/intend to (do s.t.)’    213
3.2.5.46    san(e)-...-en ‘to make... from (s.t.)’    214
3.2.5.47    se- ‘involuntary (quality or event)’    214
3.2.5.48    si-2 ‘(be) through; ordinal’    216
3.2.5.49    si-...-an2 ‘one/thing of a realized time’    217
3.2.5.50    ta- ‘one, entire’    218
3.2.5.51    tja-2 ‘comparative, more’    219
3.2.5.52    tj<alj>a-...-an ‘the most... one’    219
3.2.5.53    tjalji- ‘(square measure)’    220
3.2.5.54    tjalju- ‘at (s.w.)’    220
3.2.5.55    tjara- ‘(property) equally attributed’    221
3.2.5.56    tjari- ‘(locative)’    222
3.2.5.57    tjau- ‘recent perfective, (s.t.) just done’    222
3.2.5.58    tje- ‘(to do) at/by (location)’    223
3.2.5.59    tji- ‘(meaning unknown)’    224
3.2.5.60    tju- ‘location of (s.t.)’    224
3.2.5.61    tju-a- ‘(locative)’    225
3.2.5.62    va-li-/vu-li- ‘circular, annular nominalization’    225
3.2.6    Undetermined affixes    226
3.2.6.1    ma-ru- ‘having like quality/shape of (s.t.)’    226
3.2.6.2    ma-pu- ‘only care about (s.t.); number of fingers’    227
3.2.6.3    mau- ‘linear?; quantifier for lines’    228
3.2.6.4    me-re- ‘become (s.t.) with the shape of (s.t.)’    229
3.2.6.5    muri- ‘to search for (s.t.); will’    229
3.3    A semantics-based reorganization of affixes    231
4    Concluding remarks    232

Chapter 4  Reduplication in Puljetji Paiwan    233
1    Preamble    233
2    Previous studies    233
2.1    Pattern vs. structure    233
2.2    Function    236
3    The present study    238
3.1    Reduplication in Puljetji Paiwan    240
3.1.1    Root reduplication    240
3.1.1.1    CVCV reduplication    241
3.1.1.2    VCV reduplication    251
3.1.1.3    CV reduplication (for polysyllabic root)    253
3.1.1.4    CV reduplication (for monosyllabic root)    254
3.1.1.5    CCV reduplication    255
3.1.2    Ca- reduplication    258
3.1.3    Total reduplication    265
3.1.3.1    C1V1C2(e)C1V1C2    265
3.1.3.2    C1V1C2V2C1V1C2    268
3.1.3.3    C1uC2aC1iC2    270
3.2    Summary    271
4    Concluding remarks    273
Chapter 5  Conclusion    275
1    Overall summary    275
2    Directions for future research    276

References    279
                                

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