研究生: |
龔達翔 Ta-Hsiang Kung |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
鋯鈦酸鉛平面光波導元件之設計與製作 Design and Fabrication of PZT optical Waveguide Device |
指導教授: |
蔡春鴻
Chuen-Horng Tsai |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
原子科學院 - 工程與系統科學系 Department of Engineering and System Science |
論文出版年: | 2004 |
畢業學年度: | 92 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 103 |
中文關鍵詞: | 鋯鈦酸鉛 、光波導 、溶膠-凝膠法 、鈦酸鍶緩衝層 、電光效應 、光開關 |
相關次數: | 點閱:1 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
鋯鈦酸鉛鐵電陶瓷材料(ferroelectric ceramic PZT materials)本身具有良好的壓電、焦電、鐵電及電光特性,可用於非揮發性記憶體、壓力感測器、光閘與高頻聲波元件等。在光學上,由於鋯鈦酸鉛在近紫外線(ultraviolet)到紅外線(infrared)區段有良好的光穿透性,加上材料本身擁有高折射率、低傳導損失與強電光效應(electro-optic effect)的性質,在積體光學元件的應用上相當受到重視。
本論文主要利用鈦酸鍶(strontium titanate, STO)緩衝層(buffer layer)的幫助,以溶膠-凝膠法在非晶態(amorphous)的二氧化矽基板上,沉積具有純鈣鈦礦(perovskite)結晶相的鋯鈦酸鉛薄膜,加上製程條件的改進,使我們得到性質佳的鋯鈦酸鉛光學薄膜。以稜鏡耦合的方式量得薄膜的電光係數後,使用波導基本理論(模態傳播法)與模擬軟體(BeamProp)來設計光波導主動元件(電光調變式Mach-Zehnder光開關),並利用半導體製程的方式製作元件,最後以端面耦合的方式進行元件功能測試。
藉由鈦酸鍶緩衝層與改良製程方式後,不但有效縮短鍍膜時間,更可得高折射率折射率(2.4427)、低傳導損失(1.03 dB/cm)、表面粗糙度佳(RMS=1.026 nm)的鋯鈦酸鉛光學薄膜,而薄膜的電光係數為24.74 pm/V。經由模擬軟體的驗證,可以使用Top-layer (TiO2)的波導結構來取代傳統的山脊型波導,不但解決了鋯鈦酸鉛難蝕刻、蝕刻參數不穩定與再現性差的問題,也可降低製程上的難度。
參考文獻
1. R. Syms and J. Cozens, “Optical guides waves and devices”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, (1992).
2. H. Nishihara , M. Haruna, and T. Suhara, “Optical integrated circuits”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, (1989).
3. R. G. Hunsperger, “Integrated optics: Theory and technology”, Springer, (1995).
4. Dao Ngoc Chien , Kazuo Tanaka , Masahiro Tanaka , “Guided wave equations of Snell’s and Brewster’s Law”, Optics Communications , Vol. 225 , p319-p329 , (2003).
5. David K. Cheng , “Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition”, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , (1989).
6. Ch. Papachristos , P. Frangos , “Synthesis of single- and multi-mode planar optical waveguides by a direct numerical solution of the Gel’fand-Levitan-Marchenko integral equation”, Optics Communications , Vol. 203 , p27-p37 , (2002).
7. E. A. J. Marcatili , “Dielectric rectangular waveguide and directional coupler for integrated optics”, Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol.48 , No 9, p2071-p2102 , (1969).
8. G. B. Hocker ,W. K. Burns , “Mode dispersion in diffused channel waveguide by the effective index method”, Appl. Opt., Vol. 16 , p113-p118 , (1977).
9. T. K. Lim , H. Melchior , “Effective index method for generalized waveguide dispersion characteristics analysis of optical channel waveguides”, Electrionic Letters , Vol. 27 , p917-p918 , (1991).
10. E. Dogheche , D. Remiens , B. Thierry , “Optimum Parameters in the Design of Electrooptic Waveguide Modulaiors using Ferroelecteric Thin Films”, 1996 IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics(ISAF) , Vol. 1 , p61-p64 , (1996).
11. W. S. Chang , M. W. Muller , F. J. Rosenbaum , “Integrated Optics” , In Laser Applications , Monte Ross , ed. , p269-p289 , (1974).
12. Joseph C. Palais , “Fiber Optic Communications, 4th Edition”, January , (1998).
13. P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, “Modes of propagating light waves in thin deposited semiconductor films”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol 14 , No. 9 , p291-p294 , (1969).
14. R. Ulrich and R. Torge, “Measurement of thin film parameters with a prism coupler”, Appl. Opt., Vol 12 , Issue 12 , p2901-p2908 , (1973).
15. I. P. Kaminow and L. W. Stulz, “Loss in deaved Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol 33 , No. 1 , p62 , (1978).
16. H. P. Weber, F. A. Dunn and W. N. Leibolt, “Loss measurement in thin film optical waveguides”, Appl. Opt., Vol 12, Issue 4, p755, (1973).
17. J. E. Goell and R. D. Standly, “Sputtered glass waveguide for integrated optical circuits”, Bell Syst. Tech. J., Vol 48, Issue 10, p3445, (1969).
18. Fernando Aqulló-Lópes, Fernando Aqulló-Rueda and José Manuel Cabrera, “Electrooptics”, ACADEMIC PRESS, (1994).
19. P. Gräupner, J. C. Pommier, A. Cachard, and J. L. Coutaz, “Electro-optical effect in aluminum nitride waveguides”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 71, No. 9, p4136~p4139, (1992).
20. B. G. Potter, M. B. Sinclair, and D. Dimos, “Electro-optical characterization of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films by waveguide refractometry”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 63, No. 16, p2180~p2182, (1993).
21. A. J. Moulson , J. M. Herbert , “Electroceramics Materials Properties Applications”, Chapman&Hall , New York , (1990).
22. Berdard Jaffe , William R. Cook , Hans Jaffe , “Piezoelectric Ceramics”, Academic Press Inc. , London , (1970).
23. C. A. Randall et. al. , “Classification And Consequences of Complex Lead Perovskite Ferroelectrics with Regard to B-site Cation Order”, J. Mater. Res. , Vol. 5 , p829-p834 , (1990).
24. C. Feldman , Rev. Sci , Instr. , Vol. 26 , p463 , (1955).
25. E. Dogheche, D. Remiens, and G. Velu, “Electrical and optical characterizations by prism-coupling method of PZT deposited in-situ by sputtering”, Vacuum, Vol. 66, p1~p8, (2002).
26. L. H. Hamedi, M. Guilloux-Viry, A. Perrin, and M. H. Cherkani, “On the epitaxial growth of PZT films by pulsed laser deposition”, Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat., Vol. 23, p377, (1998).
27. C. M. Foster, G.-R. Bai, R. Csencsits, J. Vetrone, R. Jammy, L. A. Wills, E. Carr, and Jun Amano, “Single-crystal Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 thin films prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition: Systemtic compositional variation of electronic and optical properties”, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 5, p2349~p2357, (1997).
28. K. Nashimoto, D. K. fork, and G. B. Anderson, “Solid phase epitaxial grown of sol-gel derived Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films on SrTiO3 and MgO”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 66, No. 7, p822~p824, (1995).
29. K. Nashimoto, and S. Nakamura, “Preparation and characterization of sol-gel derived epitaxial and oriented Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films”, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 33, p5147~p5150, (1994).
30. J. C. Park, S. H. Kim, H. D. Park, J. H and S. G. Kang, “Characterization of sol-gel multicoated thick Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 films on platinized silicon substrates for microdevices applications”, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 42, p7497~p7501, (2003).
31. Robert W. Vest, “Metallo-Organic Decomposition(MOD) Processing of Ferroelectric and Elcetrooptic Films: Review”, Ferroelectrics, Vol. 102, p53~p68, (1990).
32. Zeto et al, “High-resolution dry etch patterning of PZT for piezoelectric MEMS devices”, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE ISAF’98, p89~p92, (1998).
33. B. T. Liu, K. Maki, S. Aggarwal, B. Nagaraj, V. Nagarajan, L. Salamanca-Riba, R. Ramesh, A. M. Dhote, and O. Auciello, “Low-temperature integration of lead-based ferroelectric capacitors on Si with diffusion barrier layer”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 80, No. 19, p3599~p3601, (2002).
34. E. Cattan, G. Velu, B. Jaber, D. Remiens, and B. Thierry, “Structure control of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films using PbTiO3 buffer layers produced by magnetron sputtering”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 70, No. 13, p1718~p1720, (1997).
35. A. A. Talin, S. M. Smith, S. Voight, J. Finder, K. Eisenbeiser, D. Penunuri, Z. Yu, P. Fejes, T. Eschrich, J. Curless, D. Convey, and A. Hooper, “Epitaxial PbZr.52Ti.48O3 films on SrTiO3/(001)Si substrates deposited by sol-gel method”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 81, No. 6, p1062~p1064, (2002).
36. Y. Wang, C. Ganpule, B. T. Liu, H. Li, K. Mori, B. Hill, M. Wuttig, and R. Ramesh, “Epitaxial ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films on Si using SrTiO3 template layers”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 80, No. 1, P97~p99, (2002).
37. D. Czekaj, M. J. M. Gomes, M. Vasilevskiy, M. Pereira, and M. P. Dos Santos, “Deposition of PZT thin film and determination of their optical properties”, J. European Ceramic Soc., Vol. 19, p1489, (1999).
38. K. Nashimoto, S. Nakamura, H. Moriyama, and E. Osakabe, “Electro-optic beam deflector using epitaxial Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 waveguides on Nb-doped SrTiO3”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 73, No. 3, p303~p305, (1998).
39. K. Nashimoto, S. Nakamura, T. Morikawa, H. Moriyama, and M. Watanabe, “Fabrication of electro-optic Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 heterostructure waveguides on Nb-doped SrTiO3 solid-phase epitaxy”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 74, No. 19, p2761~p2763, (1999).
40. A. Petraru, J. Schubert, M. Schmid, and Ch. Buchal, “Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin-film optical modulators”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 81, No. 8, p1375~p1377, (2002).
41. M. Haruna and J. Koyama, “Thermooptic deflection and switching in glass”, Appl. Opt., Vol. 21, No. 19, p3461-p3465 , (1982).