水資源缺乏與污染為當前人類所面臨的環境危機之一，由於人類以往的過度開發與濫用資源，導致氣候變遷、溫室效應等全球環境危機的發生，進一步造成不同區域的水資源匱乏問題。此外，工業行為與人類活動所產生的廢棄物質(如：污廢水、空氣污染、一般及有害廢棄物等)更直接污染了表面水體，進而產生疾病與死亡。為了將現行水處理技術更環境友善，開發具綠色水處理技術刻不容緩。本研究以階層式規則中孔洞碳材結合電容去離子法的系統來探討在低能源耗損的條件下，有效分離與去除離子的可行性，以作為硬水軟化、脫鹽淡化之用。由於階層式規則中孔洞碳材具有高比表面積、高孔洞體積與良好之電容特性，應用於離子的電吸附則可獲得良好的效果。電容去離子法相較於傳統去離子的程序(如：薄膜、離子交換樹脂、活性碳吸附等)有(1)操作為低電壓狀態，能量損耗少；(2)電極可反轉，並使因電吸而濃縮之離子可以再釋出，故有離子物質回收與資源化之潛力；(3) 無二次污染物問題等優點，因此有效的開發此系統將有助於降低碳排放量與解決水資源污染問題。
本研究中，透過軟模板結合溶劑揮發誘導自組裝法以甘蔗渣作為載體成功地開發出階層式規則中孔洞碳材(HOMC)，並藉由各式電子顯微鏡、氮氣吸脫附特性分析、X光繞射儀、元素分析儀、電化學儀等進行材料特性與電容分析。為了強化材料特性，本研究分別以硝酸(HOMC-H)、高溫二氧化碳(HOMC-C)進行材料改質，並對鈣離子進行電容測量與電吸附效率之研究。研究發現，上述三種材料在循環伏安法的量測圖形屬對稱形狀，表示具有良好的電雙層特性。經硝酸改質之階層式規則中孔洞碳材(HOMC-H)可達到93.2 F g-1之比電容，是HOMC的1.45倍及HOMC-C的3.45倍，另在1.2V電壓下HOMC-H電極對於鈣離子可達115.4 μmol g-1的比電吸附能力(Specific electrosorption capacity, SEC)遠高於其他二種材料。為了更進一步增加電容去離子的效率，研究選擇奈米銀粒子作為陽極並以HOMC作為陰極，以非對稱電極方式對鈉離子進行電吸附之研究。在1.2V電壓下，可以發現非對稱電極可以展現出絕佳的電容去離子能力，在批次與連續反應中分別可達356.3及251.6 μmol g−1之比電吸附能力。考量奈米銀的存在可加強水中氯離子的消耗並加強鈉離子的電吸附，本研究另以硝酸銀還原法將銀離子還原至HOMC上使之產生5 nm之奈米銀複合物 (Ag/HOMCs)，藉由循環伏安法的量測，可以發現Ag/HOMC-10.0電極在5 mV s−1掃速下可以達到127.1 F g-1之比電容，分別為HOMC與商用活性碳(AC)的1.22及3.45倍。另在鈉離子去除方面，此複合電極可以達成0.74 μmol m−2比電吸附能力，高於HOMC及AC電極。為了瞭解CDI於實務上的應用可行性，本研究以地下水整治的角度進行測試，測試發現Ag/HOMC-10.0與Ag/HOMC||HOMC電極應用於CDI系統可100%去除水中鎳離子，並且可以總體達成236及289 μmol g−1之比電吸附能力。此外，為達成重金屬鎳源頭減量之目的，Ag/HOMC||HOMC電極被使用於進流廢水鎳離子去除效率之評估，其結果亦可100%去除鎳離子。本研究結果顯示，階層式規則中孔洞碳材作為電容去離子法之電極，可藉由改變材料特性、操作方式等方式達成離子的電吸附，增加硬水軟化、脫鹽淡化的效能並具有去除地下水重金屬能力，將兩者結合作應用確實具有新穎性與發展之潛力。

The world has been facing a water shortage and pollution due to overdevelopment and resource waste further resulting in climate change and global warming. In addition, industrial production and human activities have been contaminating surface water, and causing disease and deaths. In order for making water treatment environmental-friendly, it is time to innovatively develop green technology for water treatment. This research has investigated the feasibilities of ion separation under lower energy consumption with the combination of hierarchically ordered mesoporous carbons (HOMCs) and capacitive deionization (CDI). The sodium and calcium ions were selected as target ions. Due to the higher specific surface area, pore volume and better capacitance for HOMCs, it is expected that CDI can perform better electrosorption. Comparing with traditional desalination technologies such as membrane, ion exchange and adsorption by active carbons, CDI owns the following benefits: (1) lower energy consumption, (2) the regeneration by reversing potential can release concentrated ions and further recycle them and (3) No secondary contaminants. Therefore, developing this system can help to reduce carbon emission and solve the problem of water shortage.
In this research, it was successful to fabricate HOMCs using sugarcane bagasse as the sacrificial scaffold by evaporation-induced self-assembly method. Several electron microscopies, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, x-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, electrochemical instrument etc. were used to investigate the properties of carbon materials. In order to enhance the electrochemical property of HOMC, nitric acid and carbon dioxide with high temperature were used to modify it, denoted as HOMC-H and HOMC-C, respectively. After the modification, the performance of capacitance and electrosorption were measured in Ca2+ solution. The symmetric plots in cyclic voltammetry (CV) were observed due to their excellent properties of electric double-layer. The specific capacitance for HOMC-H electrode at 1 mV s-1 can reach 93.2 F g-1, which is 1.45 and 3.45 times higher than those of as-prepared HOMCs and HOMC-C, respectively. The specific electrosorption capacity (SEC) of HOMC-H electrode for Ca2+ can reach 115.4 mol g-1 which is better than those of other two electrode materials. Furthermore, Ag nanoparticles selected as anode and HOMCs selected as cathode were conducted for increasing Na+ removal rate. The asymmetric Ag||HOMC electrodes show excellent electrosorption capacity toward sodium ion adsorption and the SECs are 356.3 and 251.6 μmol g−1 at 1.2 V in the batch and continuous flowing solutions, respectively. Additionally considering the existence of Ag nanoparticles can enhance the electrosorption of sodium ions due to the removal of chloride ions. The reduction of Ag+ was used to fabricate Ag/HOMC composites with 5 nm in diameter. It is found that 127.1 F/g at 5 mV s−1 for Ag/HOMC-10.0, which has performed the enhancement by 1.22 times and 3.45 times higher than those of HOMCs- and AC-based electrodes. The SEC based on the surface area of materials is 0.74 μmol m−2 for Ag/HOMC-10.0 electrode which is 2.06 times and 1.9 times higher than those HOMC and AC electrodes. Furthermore, in order to realize the feasibility of practicable application by CDI, a case study for groundwater remediation was conducted, and Ag/HOMC- and Ag/HOMC||HOMC-based electrodes can reach 100% of removal to Ni2+ and totally performed 236 and 289 μmol g−1 of SEC, respectively. For the source reduction of nickel in the influent of wastewater, Ag/HOMC||HOMC-based electrodes were chosen to evaluate its removal efficiency and 100% of removal rate can be achieved. This research has shown that CDI with HOMCs-based electrodes can not only enhance the efficiencies of water softening and desalination by the modification of electrode materials and operation modes, but also have good performance of remediating heavy metal in the groundwater. The CDI with HOMCs-based electrodes possess innovative and developing potentials.

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