簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 陳姿伶
Chen, Tzu-Ling
論文名稱： 中文和英文第二語言學習者反身代名詞之理解與表達
Comprehension and Production of Reflexives by Second Language Learners of Chinese and English
指導教授： 蘇宜青
Su, Yi-Ching
口試委員: 劉辰生
Liu, Chen-Sheng
許淳潔
Hsu, Chun-Chieh
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所
Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年： 2018
畢業學年度： 106
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 132
中文關鍵詞： 參數設定 、第二語言習得 、句法約束 、非句法約束 、長距離反身代詞 、第一語言遷移
外文關鍵詞： parameter setting, second language acquisition, syntactic binding, non-syntactic binding, long-distance reflexives, L1 transfer
相關次數： 點閱：2  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 根據管轄與約束理論(Government and Binding Theory Chomsky 1981),每個語言展現的約束語域(binding domain)皆為不同。英文反身代詞的特性為被約束於局部語域(local domain)以及非主語導向性(non-subject-orientation),而在中文中,反身代詞特性則為容許長距離約束(long-distance binding)以及主語導向性(subject-orientation)。在Manzini and Wexler (1987)提出的管轄範疇參數(the Governing Category Parameter)以及Wexler and Manzini (1987)提出的恰當前指參數(the Proper Antecedent Parameter)理論中,中文反身代詞和英文反身代詞各有不同的語言參數設定。此外,中文反身代詞也展現出非句法約束特性,如:發話主體指向約束以及阻斷效應。在Manzini and Wexler理論架構下,本論文探討英文為母語者習得中文反身代詞「自己」的理解(comprehension)與產出(production)情況以及中文為母語者習得英文反身代詞himself/herself的理解與產出情況。本論文涵蓋四個實驗,包含兩個中文實驗以及兩個英文實驗。主要測試的實驗句包含(一)長距離約束裸名詞句(long-distance binding bare NP)(二)長距離約束所有格名詞句(long-distance binding possessive NP)(三)主語導向性句(subject-orientation)(四)發話主體指向約束句(logophoric binding)以及(五)阻斷效應句(blocking effect)。
    本文探究三個第二語言習得假說,分別為Schwartz and Sprouse (1994, 1996)提出的「完全遷移完全獲取假說」(Full Transfer Full Access hypothesis)、Epstein等人(1996, 1998)提出的「完全獲取無遷移假說」(Full Access without Transfer hypothesis)以及Tsimpli and Sorace (2006)提出的「交介面假說」。本文的實驗結果顯示第二語言學習者會將自己的母語中反身代詞的知識遷移至第二語言習得歷程上, 此研究結果支持「完全遷移完全獲取假說」。另一個研究結果顯示, 即便是身為高階第二語言學習者(advanced learner), 或是第二語言能力近母語人士者(near-native)仍然較難完全成功習得第二語言中包含語用、語境相關的語法規則,此研究結果支持「交介面假說」。

    According to Government and Binding Theory Chomsky (1981), languages differ in the property of the binding domain. English reflexives exhibit the properties of local binding and non-subject-orientation. Chinese reflexives exhibit the properties of long-distance binding and subject-orientation. Within the framework of the Governing Category Parameter (Manzini and Wexler 1987) and the Proper Antecedent Parameter (Wexler and Manzini 1987), English and Chinese exhibit the different parameter settings in terms of the domain and orientation. In addition, Chinese reflexives exhibit the property of non-syntactic binding (i.e., logophoric binding and blocking effect). The purpose of this study is to investigate English L1/Chinese L2 learners’ interpretation of Chinese reflexives ziji and Chinese L1/English L2 learners’ interpretation of English reflexives himself/herself. Comprehension tasks and elicited production tasks were conducted in this study.
    Four experiments were conducted: two Chinese experiments and two English experiments. Sentences in different conditions were tested: (a) long-distance bare NP, (b) long-distance possessive NP, (c) subject-orientation, (d) logophoric binding, and (e) the blocking effect. Hypotheses for second language acquisition were concerned in this thesis: the Full Transfer Full Access hypothesis (Schwartz and Sprouse 1994, 1996), the Full Access without Transfer hypothesis (Epstein et al. 1996, 1998) and the Interface hypothesis (Tsimpli and Sorace 2006). The results which showed that L2 learners transferred the knowledge of the properties of reflexives from their L1 to L2 support the Full Transfer Full Access hypothesis. In addition, the results that even for the high-proficiency group, L2 learners had difficulties in mastering the pragmatic or discourse-related principles support the Interface hypothesis.

    Table of Contents Chapter1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The present study 5 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 6 Chapter2 Theoretical background 8 2.1 Reflexives and Binding principle 8 2.1.1 Parameter settings 8 2.1.2 Syntactic binding ziji 11 2.2 Non-syntactic binding ziji 16 2.2.1Logophoric binding ziji 16 2.2.2 Evidence for logophoric binding on first language acquisition 18 2.2.3 Self-ascription constrained ziji 21 2.3 Hypotheses for language acquisition 25 2.3.1 The Subset Principle 26 2.3.2 The cluster effect 28 2.4 Hypothesis for second language acquisition 30 2.4.1 Full Transfer Full Access hypothesis 31 2.4.2 Full Access without Transfer hypothesis 32 2.4.3 Interface Hypothesis (IH) 34 2.5 Summary 35 Chapter 3 Literature review on second language acquisition 37 3.1 L2 acquisition of Chinese reflexive ziji by English speakers 38 3.2 L2 acquisition on English reflexives himself/herself by Cantonese speakers 41 3.3 Studies in other languages 44 3.3.1 L2 Acquisition of Japanese reflexive zibun 44 3.3.2 L2 Acquisition of English reflexives by Japanese speakers 47 3.4 Summary and research questions 49 Chapter 4 L2 acquisition of Chinese reflexives ziji by English speakers 52 4.1 Experiment 1: Chinese reflexive ziji comprehension task 52 4.1.1 Method 53 4.1.2 Results 62 4.1.3 Between-Subject analysis 66 4.1.4 Within-Subject analysis 68 4.1.5 Discussion 71 4.2 Experiment 2: Chinese reflexive ziji Production task 74 4.2.1 Method 74 4.2.2 Result 84 4.2.3 Between-Subject analysis 90 4.2.4 Within-Subject analysis 93 4.2.5 Discussion 94 4.3 Summary 96 Chapter 5 Acquisition of English reflexive himself/herself by Chinese speakers 97 5.1 Experiment 3: English reflexive himself/herself comprehension task 97 5.1.1 Method 97 5.1.2 Results 100 5.1.3 Discussion 103 5.2 Experiment 4: English reflexive himself/herself Production task 105 5.2.1 Method 105 5.2.2 Results 109 5.3 Summary 113 Chapter 6 General discussion 114 6.1 Summary of the experimental results 114 6.2 Answering the research questions 117 Chapter 7 Conclusion 119 References 121 Appendix 125 Appendix A: Material for Experiment 1 and 3 125 Appendix B: Material for Experiment 2and 4 130

    Akiyama, Yasuhiro. 2002. Japanese adult learners’ development of the locality condition on English reflexives. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24(1). 27–54.
    Avrutin, S. and Cunningham, J. 1997. Children and reflexivity. In Proceedings of the 21st BU Conference on Language Development, 13-23. Cascadilla Press, Somerville, MA.
    Baker, C. L. 1995. Contrast, discourse prominence, and intensification, with special reference to locally free reflexives in British English. Language 71, 63-102.
    Battistella, E. 1989. Chinese reflexivization: a movement to INFL approach. Linguistics 27, 987-1012.
    Battistella, E. and Y. Xu. 1990. Remarks on the reflexives in Chinese. Linguistics, 28(2): 205-240.
    Bennett, Susan. 1994. Interpretation of English reflexives by adolescent speakers of Serbo-Croatian. Second Language Research 10(2). 125–156.
    Berwick, R.C. 1985. The Acquisition of Syntactic Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Chien, Y.-C. and Wexler, K. 1987. A comparison between Chinese-speaking and English-speaking children’s acquisition of reflexives and pronouns. Paper presented in the 12th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development.
    Chien, Y.-C., Wexler, K., and Chang, H.-W. 1993. Children’s development of long-distance binding in Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2, 229-259.
    Chien, Y.-C., Wexler, K. and Chang, H.-W. 1995. Chinese children’s acquisition of the subject-orientation property of the Chinese reflexive ziji. Proceedings of 6th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics 2, 75–85.
    Christie, K. N. M. 1992. Universal Grammar in the Second Language: An Experimental Study of the Cross-Linguistic Properties of Reflexives in English, Chinese and Spanish. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE.
    Christie, K. and Lantolf, J. 1998. Bind me up bind me down: Reflexives in L2. In Flynn, S., Martohardjono, G., & O’Neil, W. (Eds.), The generative study of second language acquisition, 239–260. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Clements, George N. 1975. The logophoric pronoun in Ewe: Its role in discourse. Journal of West African Languages 10:141-177.
    Cole, P., Hermon, G. and Sung, L.-M. 1990. Principles and parameters of long-distance reflexives. Linguistic Inquiry 21, 1–22.
    Criper, C. 1981. The role and function of English in the 1980s: An overall strategy. Preliminary report submitted to the Ministry of Education, Malaysia.
    Eckman, F. 1994. “Local and long-distance anaphora in second language acquisition”. In E, Tarine, S. Gass and A. Cohen (eds.), Research Methodology in Second Language Acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 207-225.
    Eckman, F. R. 1977. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27, 315–330.
    Hamiton Rovert. 1998. Underdetermined binding of reflexives by adult Japanese-speaking learners of English. Second Language Research 14(3). 292-320.
    Hestvik, A. and Philip, W. 2001. “Syntactic vs. logophoric binding: Evidence from Norwegian child language”. In Long-Distance Reflexives [Syntax and Semantics, vol. 33], P. Cole, G. Hermon, and C.-T. J. Huang (eds.), 119-140. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Huang, Y.-H. 1984. Chinese reflexives. Studies in English Literature and Linguistics 10, 163-188. National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
    Huang, C.-T.J. and Tang, C.-C.J. 1991. The local nature of the long-distance reflexives in Chinese. In J. Koster and E. Reuland, (eds.), Long-Distance Anaphor:263-282. Cambridge University Press.
    Huang, C.-T. J. and Liu, C.-S. L. 2001. “Logophoricity, attitudes, and ziji at the interface”. In Long-Distance Reflexives [Syntax and Semantics, vol. 33], P. Cole, G. Hermon, and C.-T. J. Huang (eds.), 141-195. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Hyams, N. and Sigurjonsdottir, S. 1990. The development of long-distance anaphora: A cross-linguistic comparison with special reference to Icelandic. Language Acquisition 1(1), 57-93.
    Kuno, S. 1987. Functional syntax. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Lakshmanan, U. and Teranishi, K. 1994. Preferences versus grammaticality judgments: Some methodological issues concerning the governing category parameter in second-language acquisition. In A. Cohen, S. Gass, & E. Tarone (Eds.), Research methodology in second-language acquisition,185–206. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Lewis, David. 1979. Attitudes de dicto and de se. The Philosophical Review 88.
    MacLaughlin, Dawn. 1998. The acquisition of the morphosyntax of English reflexives by non-native speakers. InMaria-Luise Beck (ed.), Morphology and its interfaces in second language knowledge, 195–226. Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins.
    Matsumura, Masanori. 1994. Japanese learners’ acquisition of the locality requirement of English reflexives. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16. 19–42.
    Manzini, M. R. and Wexler, K. 1987. Parameters, binding theory, and learnability. Linguistic Inquiry 18: 413-444.
    Pan, H. 1995. Locality, Self-Ascription, Discourse Prominence, and Mandarin Reflexives. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Linguistics, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
    Pan, H. 1997. Constraints on Reflexivization in Mandarin Chinese. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
    Pan, H. 2001. “Why the blocking effect?”. In Long-Distance Reflexives [Syntax and Semantics, vol. 33], P. Cole, G. Hermon, and C.-T. J. Huang (eds.), 279-316. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Pica, P. 1987. On the nature of the reflexivization cycle. Proceedings of Northeastern Linguistics Society 17, 483–99.
    Pollard, C. and Xue, P. 1989. Chinese Reflexive ziji: Syntactic Reflexives vs. Nonsyntactic Reflexives. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 7 (4): 287-318.
    Poll
    Schwartz, B. D. and Sprouse, R. 1994. Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: a longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Tard, C. and Xue, P. 2001. “Syntactic and nonsyntactic constraints on long-distance reflexives.”In Long-Distance Reflexives [Syntax and Semantics, vol. 33], P. Cole, G. Hermon, and C.-T. J. Huang (eds.), 317-342. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Progovac, L. 1992. Relativized SUBJECT: Long-distance reflexives without movement. Linguistic Inquiry 23, 671–80.
    Reinhart, T. and Reuland, E. 1993. Reflexivity. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 657-720.. Hoekstra and B. D. Schwartz (eds.), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar, 317-368. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Schwartz, B. D. and Sprouse, R. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access model. Second Language Research 12: 40-72.
    Sells, P. 1987. Aspects of logophoricity. Linguistic Inquiry 18: 445-479.
    Sigríður Sigurjónsdóttir and Nina Hyams. 1992. Reflexivization and logophoricity: evidence from the acquisition of Icelandic. Language Acquisition (2) 4: 359-413.
    Su, Y.-C. 2004. The development of long-distance Binding for Chinese Ziji revisited. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 46(3), 249-257.
    Su, Y.-C. 2009. Syntax vs. discourse constrained Ziji in Mandarin child language. Paper presented in GLOW 2009 Acquisition Workshop. Nantes, France. April. 15, 2009.
    Su, Y.-C. 2017a. Logophoric ziji in Mandarin child language. In M. Nakayama & Y.-C. Su & A. Huang (eds.) Studies in Chinese and Japanese Language Acquisition: In Honor of Stephen Crain, 65-83. John Benjamins Publishing Co.
    Su, Y.-C. 2017b. Rethinking parameter setting from locality and orientation constraints for ziji in Mandarin. Paper presented in the 1st International Conference on Theoretical East Asian Psycholinguistics, March 10-12, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
    Tang, C.-C. J. 1985. A study of reflexives in Chinese. Unpublished M.A. thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
    Tang, C.-C. J. 1989. Chinese reflexives. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 7: 93-121.
    Thomas, M. 1989. The interpretation of English reflexive pronouns by nonnative speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 11, 281–303.
    –––– 1991.Universal Grammar and the interpretation of reflexives in a second language. Language 67, 211–39.
    –––– 1993. Universal Grammar and knowledge of reflexives in a second language. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
    –––– 1995. Acquisition of the Japanese reflexive zibun and movement of anaphors in Logic Form. Second Language Research 11, 206–34.
    Tsimpli, I. M. & Sorace, A. 2006. Differentiating Interfaces: L2 Performance in Syntax-Semantics and Syntax-Discourse Phenomena. Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development 30, 653-664.
    Wells, T.L. 1998: L2 acquisition of English binding domain. In Beck, M.-L.,editor, Morphology and its interfaces in second language knowledge. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 227–56.
    Wexler, K. and Manzini, R. 1987. Parameters and learnability in Binding Theory. In T. Roeper and E. Williams (eds.) Parameter Setting, 41-76. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.
    White, L., Hirakawa, M. and Kawasaki, T. 1996. Effects of instruction on second language acquisition of the Japanese long-distance reflexive zibun. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 41, 235–54.
    Xu, L. 1994. The antecedent of ziji. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22, 115-137
    Xue, P., Pollard, C., and Sag, I. 1994. A new perspective on Chinese ziji. In Proceedings of the 13th West Coast Confefence on Formal Linguidtics.432-447. The University of Chicago Press and CSLI Publication.
    Yuan, B. 1998. The interpretation of binding and orientation of the Chinese reflexive ziji by English and Japanese speakers. Second Language Research, Arnold, London, 14: 325-340.
    Yip, V. and Tang, G. 1998. Acquisition of English reflexive binding by Cantonese learners. In Beck, M.-L., editor, Morphology and its interfaces in second language knowledge. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 165–93.

    QR CODE