研究生: |
葉銀田 Yin-tien Yeh |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
新竹地區主要河川、濕地之重金屬含量分佈探討 An investigation of the heavy metal distribution of the main rivers and wetlands in HsinChu |
指導教授: |
江慧真
楊樹森 |
口試委員: | |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
|
論文出版年: | 2008 |
畢業學年度: | 96 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 183 |
中文關鍵詞: | 重金屬 、含量分佈 、污染 |
外文關鍵詞: | heavy metal, distribution, pollution |
相關次數: | 點閱:48 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
摘要
本論文主要研究新竹主要河川與濕地重金屬元素的含量分佈情形,研究對象為十種金屬元素分別為:鎘、鉻、鉛、鋅、鎳、銅、鎵、銦、鐵、鋁,研究範圍包含新竹縣市大小主要河川、海濱的香山溼地保護區以及南港濕地。
河川水域分4季採樣共13個採樣點,總計共有52個水樣品,採集的河川有客雅溪、三姓公溪、大庄溪、鹽港溪;而河川底土採集除上述河川外尚有頭前溪、鳳山溪、新豐溪、福興溪、新屋溪,河川底泥共有17採樣點,分層後共49個樣本;而於海域兩濕地區域(香山濕地、南港濕地)採集23處40公分深測點、20處表層5公分深測點,分層後共計採得135個樣品。
因考慮污染乃外加物質,土壤經研磨後再消化可能將原本天然已包覆於土壤裏的金屬元素也一併萃取出、且研磨使得表面積增加,同時間內所萃取的含量較大;再加上採集乾淨的土壤來當空白背景值時,其取樣地點須於上游何處也無所準。經做研磨與未經研磨金屬物質含量比較後,數據合理呈現出經研磨之各元素含量均都高些許,但大致而言差異不明顯,因此土壤樣品的消化我們採取不經研磨處理,以取得最實際之污染值。
進行樣品消化之前先試驗消化法之適用性,方法為使用標準土壤樣品分別以傳統王水消化與微波消化之,比較其重金屬萃取能力;此外也測試以微波消化同一土壤樣品時,比較王水、王水加過氧化氫、王水加氫氟酸之三種不同消化試劑的萃取重金屬能力,而決定以傳統王水消化法進行樣品之消化。
所有河川與底泥樣品所測之各金屬含量依工業型態都有各自分佈趨勢,均低於國內土壤重金屬含量管制標準,但於客雅溪出海口的濕地附近、濕地南段排水堤、鹽港溪口等之鋅含量都均高於食用作物農地管制標準500mg/kg,其中三姓溪口的鋅含量1884mg/kg,已接近土壤管制標準的2000mg/kg;由調查結果得知河川與濕地某些特定之測點、河川下游、出海口處、及濕地裡的河溝流經處等,其水體或底土各種的金屬含量皆有較高之現象,而且其表土(0-5cm)污染量較高者,其深層土壤(5-40cm)含量也幾乎偏高,顯示某些測點附近的確有長時間且固定之污染源,而且這些測點之重金屬污染物質多半不只單一種。
濕地土壤中重金屬含量與其土壤之粒徑大小、顏色深淺有相關性,依呈現數據可看出粒徑越小顏色越深之底土所含重金屬元素含量有較高之趨勢。
Abstract
The main research of this study is to investigate the heavy metal distribution of the main rivers and wetlands in HsinChu. The research objects involve ten metal elements including: Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Ga, In, Fe, Al, and the research region contains main rivers in Hsinchu County/City, coastal Hsiangshan Wetland, and Nankang Wetland.
Sampling of the river water among the four seasons contains thirteen points and fifty-two water samples, including Keya River, Sanhsingkung River, Tachuang River, and Yenkang River. Besides the above rivers, the sampling of the river sediment includes Touchein River, Fengshan River, Hsinfeng River, Fuhsing River, Hsinwu River. The sample points of sediment total seventeen which then divide into forty-nine samples. In the coastal wetland region, Hsiangshan Wetland and Nankang Wetland, we collect twenty-three measuring points (40cm depth) and twenty measuring points (5cm depth) which then divide into 135 samples.
Test the applicability of digestion method before sample digestion. That is to use standard soil samples for traditional aqua regia digestion method and microwave digestion method, respectively, to compare the ability of the two to extract heavy metals. In addition, we test digestion of identical samples by microwave method with three different digest reagents: aqua regia, aqua regia-hydrogen peroxide and aqua regia-hydrogen fluoride, to compare their ability to extract heavy metals. Therefore, we decided to apply the traditional aqua regia digestion method for sample digestion.
Each of the metal content determined from rivers and sediments has its own distribution trend respectively with various industrial types, and is lower than the heavy metals content of domestic soil pollution control standards. But the zinc content of the wetland vicinity of Keya River Mouth, the water gate in the south of the wetland, and Yenkang River Mouth, etc, exceeds the control standard of farmland with food crop cultivation (500mg/kg). Among these, the zinc content of Sanhsingkung River Mouth (1884mg/kg) is near the soil control standard (2000mg/kg).
The results show that measuring points, such as some specific location of rivers and wetlands, downstream and mouth of rivers, and water flow through wetlands, etc, have their river waters or sediments with higher metals contents. Moreover, the surface sediments (0-5cm) with higher pollution values also have their deep sediments (5-40cm) with mostly higher pollutants. It shows that near some measuring points, there has been a constant pollution source for a long time, and the heavy metals pollution.
The heavy metals content of wetland soil are correlated to the size and color of soil particle. The data exhibits that sediments with smaller size and deeper color have a tendency to contain higher heavy metals content.
參考文獻
[1] 林浩潭、翁愫慎、李國欽,2002。食品中重金屬含量及管制標準。行政院農委會農業藥物毒物試驗所,116 頁。
[2] 龐元勳,1981。香山潮間帶底棲生物與環境之關係。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文,61 頁。
[3] 楊樹森;江慧真;許仁利;黃淑珍,2005。新竹市香山溼地生物多樣性調查期末報告。新竹市政府。
[4] 王金聲、林曉武,2001。新竹地區河川與鄰近海域沉積物重金屬之空間分佈與垂直分佈台大海洋所博士論文。
[5] 黃春蘭;林雪幸;歐慶賢;鄭火元,2001。新竹淺海養殖輔導工作計劃期末報告,新竹市:新竹區漁會。
[6] 張欣華,2003。新竹香山地區沉積物與牡蠣汞之時序與空間變化,臺灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文,55pp。
[7] 郭季華;劉鎮山;黃克莉;翁英明,2005 九十二及九三年河川水體環境無機污染調查分析,環境檢驗所年報12 號:76-135。
[8] 漁業署網站 http://www.fa.gov.tw/chn/index.php。
[9] Sastre, J., A. Sahuquillo, M. Vidal, G. Rauret,“Determination of Cd, Cu,Pb and Zn in environmental samples: microwave-assisted total digestion versus aqua regia and nitric acid extraction”, Analytica Chimica Acta., 462, pp. 59-72 (2002)。
[10] Hatje, V.; Bidone, E. D.; Maddock, J. L. Environmental Technology 1998, 19, 483-487。
[11] Soylak, M.; Uzun, A.; Elci, L. Kuwait Journal of Science &Engineering 2001, 28, 151-160。
[12] Schuhmacher, M.; Domingo, J. L.; Llobet, J. M.; Corbella, J. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control 1995, 30, 1361-1372。
[13] Quemerais, B.; Lum, K. R.; Lemieux, C. Aquatic Sciences 1996, 58,52-68。
[14] Das, S.; Jana, B. B. Chemosphere 2003, 52, 161-173。
[15] Tariq, J.; Ashraf, M.; Jaffar, M. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 1993, 38, 175-181。
[16] 徐玉標,「重金屬污染知多少?」,科學月刊,233,臺北市(1989)。
[17] 張仁福 (1998),〝土壤污染防治學,〞高雄復文圖書出版公司。
[18] 黃肇瑞 姚寶順* 氧化銦錫薄膜內應力和其附著性質之研究 國立成功大學 材料科學及工程學系Internal Stress and Adhesive of ITO Films。
[19] 羅良慧、童翔新,「土壤鎘污染危害評價系統建立之研究」。第十屆環境規劃與管理研討會論文集,逢甲大學環境工程與科學系,台中市,第37-44頁,1997。
[20] 朱訓智,「鋅、鉻在分層土壤中傳輸與吸持機制之探討」,屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系碩士論文,2002。
[21] Smith, J. D., Nicholson, R. A. and Moore P. J., (1973), Mercury in sediments from the Thames estuary, Environ. Pollut., 4, 153-157。
[22] Mayer, L. M. and Fink Jr., L. K., (1989), Granulometric dependence of chromium accumulation in estuarine sediments in marine, Est. Coast.Mar. Sci., 11, 491-503。
[23] Bloom, N.S. and E.A. Crecelius, (1987), Distribution of silver, mercury, lead, copper and cadmium in central peugeot sound sediments. Mar.Chem. 21, 377-390。
[24] 吳春吉、李俊福(2006) 竹科放流水中銅及砷來源追蹤分析及其對香山海域養殖區牡蠣影響之探討國立中央大學 環境工程研究所 碩士在職班論文。
[25] 土壤採樣方法 中華民國94年11月30日環署檢字第0940097070號公告自公告日起實施NIEA S102.61B。
[26] 陳思偉、凌永健新竹科學工業園區高科技產業廢水分析與對承受水體之影響研究國立清華大學化學系博士論文。
[27] 化學程序工業 薛人瑋 編著 全華科技圖書股份有限公司 Chapter 4 page 4-9。
[28] 土壤採樣方法 中華民國94年11月30日環署檢字第0940097070號公告自公告日起實施NIEA S102.61B。
[29] 土壤、沈積物、污泥及油脂中金屬元素總量之檢測方法 -微波消化原子光譜法中華民國八十七年九月二十五日(87)環署檢字第 64387 號公告自中華民國八十七年十二月二十五日起實施 NIEA S331.60B。
[30] 許玲燕,「土壤樣品之濕式消化探討」,國立中興大學化學研究所碩士論文,1990。
[31] 楊樹森、江慧真 新竹市濱海野生動物保護區重金屬污染調查研究成果報告 中 華 民 國 96 年 7 月。