這篇論文旨在說明非正規勞動者族群的形成原因與時代背景。在正規與非正規勞工分界線形成約莫一個世紀的今天，正好是時候回顧一路走來是否有需要修正的地方。同時，也對這群在就業數據上登記為就業中，但存在形式更接近失業的人們表達關心，以及希望引起更多人注意。參考日本社會現在面臨的情況，我們可以看到雇用大量非正規勞動者能解決一些企業的成本問題，但也會留下巨大的禍根。最後，本論文以芝加哥學派的管制經濟學的公共選擇理論，解釋了日本的社會經歷了什麼樣的機制運作，逐步將政策塑造成如今的模樣。一切從各國政府以強制力扭曲勞動市場的契約自由，限制解雇、提高成本開始。大部分國家都在一定程度上存在對勞動市場的管制，沒有誰能保證本國社會不會步上日本的後塵，由是本論文最後也列出幾個容易讓國家走上非正規勞工路線的條件作為分析其他國家之經濟狀況時可用的參考依據。

This paper aims to explain why there are such a big number of irregular-employees in Japan. There has been a century since the separation of regular and irregular-employees, I feel it is a good time to look back to see if we are walking on a way which was expected hundred years ago. Observing Japanese society, it suffered negative effects caused by existence of irregular-employees, including low birth rate and criminals. By using the model about competition among pressure group, this paper will tell how the situation worsen year after year. Finally, this paper will point out how other country can take the Japanese experience as the alert.

1. 久米功一, 大竹文雄, & 鶴光太郎. (2013). 非正規労働者における社会的排除の実態とその要因. 日本労働研究雑誌, 55(5), 100-115.
2. 小林美希. (2018). ルポ中年フリーター:「働けない働き盛り」 の貧困. NHK出版.
3. 山本勲. (2011). 非正規労働者の希望と現実―不本意型非正規雇用の実態―. 鶴光太郎・樋口美雄・水町勇一郎 (編), 『非正規雇用改革− 日本の働き方をいかに変えるか−』 (第4章). 日本評論社.
4. 内閣府. (2005). 平成 17 年版国民生活白書 (全文)--子育て世代の意識と生活 (特集 国民生活白書--子育て世代の意識と生活). ESP economy, society, policy, (479), 30-206.
5. 辻明子. (2008). 就職氷河期世代の老後に関するシミュレーション. 就職氷河期世代のきわどさ―高まる雇用リスクにどう対応すべきか』(NIRA 研究報告書) (114-123). 総合研究開発機構.
6. 伊藤理史. (2018). 失業と政治参加の平等性 投票参加頻度のマルチレベル順序ロジスティック回帰分析. 社会学研究, 101, 61-83.
7. 阿部彩. (2007). 日本における社会的排除の実態とその要因. 季刊・社会保障研究, 43(1), 27-40.
8. 柳川範之. (2009). 終身雇用という幻想を捨てよ―産業構造変化に合った雇用システムに転換を―. (NIRA 研究報告書 緊急提言). 総合研究開発機構.
9. 神林龍. (2013). 非正規労働者. 日本労働研究雑誌, 55(4), 26-29.
10. 神林龍, & 水町勇一郎. (2014). 労働者派遣法の政策効果について. 日本労働研究雑誌, 642, 64-82.
11. 高梨昌. (2009). 労働者派遣法の原点へ帰れ. 大原社会問題研究所雑誌= The journal of Ohara Institute for Social Research/法政大学大原社会問題研究所 編, (604), 1-8.
12. 島田陽一. (2012). 企業内の雇用ミスマッチと解雇権濫用法理. 日本労働研究雑誌, 54(9), 50-59.
13. 奥平寛子. (2008). 整理解雇判決が労働市場に与える影響. 日本労働研究雑誌, 572, 75-92.
14. 関口功. (1986). 日本的雇用管理慣行の成立事情に関する一考察. 日本経営診断学会年報, 18, 170-176.
15. 関口功. (2002). ポスト終身雇用制考. 新潟経営大学紀要, 8, 1-19.
16. Becker, G. (1976). Toward a more general theory of regulation. The Journal of Law and Economics, 19(2), 245-248.
17. Becker, G. S. (1983). A theory of competition among pressure groups for political influence. The quarterly journal of economics, 98(3), 371-400 .
18. Botero, J. C., Djankov, S., Porta, R. L., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labor. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(4), 1339-1382..
19. Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (1965). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations of constitutional democracy (Vol. 100). University of Michigan press.
20. Cappelli, P. (1998). New deal at work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
21. Clark, R. L., & Ogawa, N. (1992). Employment tenure and earnings profiles in Japan and the United States: Comment. The American Economic Review, 82(1), 336-345.
22. Crew, M., & Rowley, C. (1988). Toward a public choice theory of monopoly regulation. Public Choice, 57(1), 49-67 .
23. Demsetz, H. (1967). Toward a Theory of Property Rights. The American Economic Review, 57(2), 347-359.
24. Dore, R. (1996). The End of Jobs for Life? Corporate Employment Systems: Japan and Elsewhere (No. 11). Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
25. Eichhorst, W., & Marx, P. (2011). Reforming German labour market institutions: A dual path to flexibility. Journal of European Social Policy, 21(1), 73-87.
26. Eichhorst, W., & Tobsch, V. (2013). Has Atypical Work Become Typical in Germany? (No. 7609). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
27. Genda, Y., & Rebick, M. E. (2000). Japanese labour in the 1990s: stability and stagnation. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 16(2), 85-102.
28. Hamaaki, J., Hori, M., Maeda, S., & Murata, K. (2010). Is the Japanese employment system degenerating? Evidence from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure. Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
29. Hashimoto, M., & Raisian, J. (1985). Employment tenure and earnings profiles in Japan and the United States. The American Economic Review, 75(4), 721-735 .
30. Hashimoto, M., & Raisian, J. (1992). Employment tenure and earnings profiles in Japan and the United States: Reply. The American Economic Review, 82(1), 346-354.
31. Hirshleifer, J. (1976). Toward a more general theory of regulation: Comment. The Journal of Law and Economics, 19(2), 241-244.
32. Mitchell, W. (1989). Chicago political economy: A public choice perspective. Public Choice, 63(3), 283-292 .
33. North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. Norton.
34. Ogura, K. (2005). International comparison of atypical employment: Differing concepts and realities in industrialized countries. Japan labor review, 2(2), 5-29.
35. Palda, F. (2016). A Better Kind of Violence: The Chicago School of Political Economy, Public Choice, and the Quest for an Ultimate Theory of Power. ‎ Cooper Wolfling.
36. Peltzman, S. (1976). Toward a more general theory of regulation. The Journal of Law and Economics, 19(2), 211-240.
37. Peltzman, S. (1993). George Stigler's contribution to the economic analysis of regulation. Journal of Political Economy, 101(5), 818-832.
38. Rebick, M. E. (2001). Japanese labor markets: Can we expect significant change?. Japan's New Economy: Continuity and Change in the Twenty-First Century (1st ed. 120-141). ‎ Oxford University Press.
39. Stigler, G. (1971). The Theory of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics, 2(1), 3-21.
40. Stigler, G. J., & Friedland, C. (1962). What Can Regulators Regulate? The Case of Electricity. Journal of Law and Economics, 5(1), 1-16.