本論文主要是研究以半導體雷射非線性動態產生之光子微波訊號(photonic microwave)所開發的新穎雷達與雷射雷達。我們運用光子微波訊號的特點，將原先已發展於雷達與雷射雷達的技術相互整合，同時也讓微波與雷射光彌補彼此本質上的優缺點，進而提升雷達與雷射雷達的測量效能。此外，由於半導體雷射具備豐富的非線性動態，所產生的光子微波訊號可以從頻寬為Hz等級的窄頻弦波涵蓋到頻寬為GHz等級的寬頻非週期性訊號，因此我們將以其作為開發雷達與雷射雷達的基礎。在本論文中，根據不同偵測環境下的需求，我們分別將半導體雷射所產生之窄頻周期一振盪態(period-one state)與寬頻混沌態(chaos state)應用於雷達與雷射雷達上。

在雷射雷達的部分，我們以周期一振盪態開發了一新穎雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀。運用光作為載波將微波訊號送至目標偵測其速度，雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀具有抑制斑點雜訊(speckle noise)及改善探測訊號同調性之特點。相較於傳統的單頻雷射都普勒測速儀，當一個位於108 m遠的目標物以4 cm/s的軸向速度(longitudinal velocity)和5 m/s的橫向速度(transverse velocity)進行運動時，雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀的速度解析度大幅提升了近4個數量級。

為了更進一步增進雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀的量測效能，我們將自混頻(selfmixing)架構引入至雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀中,從而發展了自混頻雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀。藉由自混頻架構的引入，雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀具備了更高之量測靈敏度與辨別目標物運動方向的能力。當來自目標物之逆向散射光強度僅有數微瓦(microwatt)時，自混頻雙頻雷射都普勒測速儀在不使用雪崩式光電偵測器(avalanched photodetector)與光電倍增管(photomultiplier tube)的情況下，即可具有23 dB以上的訊雜比(SNR)。

在雷達的部分，我們提出將寬頻的混沌態結合電子式外插(electrical heterodyne)技術，產生多重輸入多重輸出(multiple-input-multiple-output)雷達所需的正交(orthogonal)微波訊號。藉由分析各通道外插混沌訊號彼此間的相關性，可以發現相關運算時間長度(correlation time)決定了產生正交外插混沌訊號所需的最小本地振盪器(local oscillator)之頻率間隔。我們的研究顯示當相關運算長度為數微秒時，數千個相互正交的外插混沌訊號可以被同時產生。

此外，我們更進一步利用電子式外插技術來改善半導體雷射受光回饋下所產生混沌訊號的品質。經過外插技術的處理，混沌訊號頻譜的能量將被重新分布，使原先在低頻處能量較低的部分可以被抬升，同時也可消除頻譜上因回饋系統所造成的循環頻率(loop frequency)。由於頻譜的能量分布更為平整，原先存在於混沌訊號中的時間延遲特徵(time delay signature) 可以被抑制，有效頻寬也可以同時得到提升。相較於原始的混沌訊號，外插混沌訊號的時間延遲特徵被抑制了63%，有效頻寬可被提升46%。

Novel lidar and radar using photonic microwave generated from nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers have been proposed and investigated. Benefitting from the photonic microwave, the techniques already developed in radar and lidar are possible to be integrated. The inherent properties of the laser light and microwave can also complement with each other to improve the performance of lidar and radar. In addition, based on nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers, diverse photonic microwave covering from sinusoidal signals with linewidths of several Hz to non-periodic and wideband signals with bandwidths of several GHz can be obtained. In this dissertation, according to detection scenarios, the narrowband period-one (P1) state and broadband chaos state are explored for different lidar and radar applications.

For lidar, a dual-frequency laser Doppler velocimeter (DF-LDV) based on the P1 state is investigated. By probing the target with the light-carried microwave, the DFLDV successfully shows the ability of speckle noise reduction and coherence enhancement. Compared with the conventional single-frequency laser Doppler velocimeter (SF-LDV), the velocity resolution of the DF-LDV is improved by 4 orders for a target with a longitudinal velocity vz = 4 cm/s, a transverse velocity vt = 5 m/s, and at a detection range of 108 m.

To further improve the performance of the DF-LDV, a self-mixing DF-LDV (SM DF LDV) is proposed by incorporating the DF-LDV with the SM configuration. Benefitting from the SM configuration, the direction discriminability and high sensitivity are demonstrated. With few μW of optical power backscattered from a diffused target, an SNR of 23 dB is achieved without employing any avalanched photodetector or a photomultiplier tube.

For radar, the chaos state with the electrical heterodyne technique is utilized to generate multiple orthogonal waveforms for the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar application. The correlation between the heterodyned chaos signals are analyzed, which shows that the minimum frequency spacing of local oscillators for obtaining orthogonal heterodyned chaos signals is determined by the correlation time. With a correlation time of several μs, thousands of orthogonal chaos signals can be obtained.

Furthermore, the electrical heterodyne technique is further extended to improve the quality of the chaos signal generated from a semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback. Through the heterodyne process, the power in the chaos spectrum can be redistributed to elevate the dip in the low frequency region and smooth out the loop frequency peaks. Therefore, the time delay signature (TDS) suppression and bandwidth enhancement can be achieved simultaneously. Compared to the original chaos, the amplitudes of the TDS and the effective bandwidths can be suppressed and enhanced up to 63% and 46% in average, respectively.

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