在OFDMA網路中，針對影像串流群播這類多媒體應用服務，資源排程一直是具有挑戰性的研究議題。在OFDMA的訊框架構下，排程工作包括（1）訊框內排程和（2）跨訊框排程。訊框內排程負責決定一個OFDMA訊框內的頻寬分配，而跨訊框排程則負責決定在一連串OFDMA訊框之間的資料傳輸順序。在過去的文獻中，雖已有許多研究致力於訊框內排程機制的發展，卻少有研究著眼在跨訊框排程機制。此篇論文主要研究在具備睡眠模式的OFDMA網路中，如何運用跨訊框排程機制以支援
可調式影像串流群播服務。在本論文中，我們提出兩種高效率的跨訊框排程演算法。第一，我們提出一個睡眠時間交錯演算法。此演算法適當地調節一個睡眠模式參數，讓行動使用者在執行睡眠模式的同時，能夠有效地保證其影像群播服務的頻寬使用效率。第二，我們提出一個多重裝箱演算法。利用分而治之的策略，此演算法能夠有效地排除不必要的清醒期間以及不必要的狀態轉換（在清醒與睡眠之），進而達成高節能效率。針對我們提出的兩種排程演算法，在時間複雜度、電量使用效率、封包傳送成功率和使用者滿意度等方面，本論文會以理論分析與實驗模擬結果表明其效能。

Resource scheduling remains a challenging issue in OFDMA networks, especially for multimedia applications such as video multicast. Given the OFDMA frame structure, the scheduling task is comprised of 1) intraframe scheduling and 2) interframe scheduling. Intraframe scheduling determines the bandwidth allocation within an OFDMA frame, whereas interframe scheduling determines the data transmission order for a series of OFDMA frames. In the literature, while many studies concentrated on the development of intraframe scheduling mechanisms, few studies looked at the potential of interframe scheduling mechanisms. This dissertation investigates the potential of interframe scheduling algorithms to support scalable-video multicast over sleep mode enabled OFDMA networks. In this dissertation, we present two efficient interframe scheduling algorithms, described as follows. First, we propose a sleep-mode interleaving algorithm. By appropriately adjusting one sleep mode parameter, the proposed interleaving algorithm effectively guarantees the bandwidth efficiency of the video multicast mechanisms while mobile users can execute the sleep mode operations. Second, we propose a multiple bin-packing algorithm (MBPA). By applying the divide-and-conquer strategy, MBPA effectively eliminates unnecessary wake-up periods and unnecessary state transitions (between wake-up and sleep states), and thus achieves high energy-efficiency. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithms in computational complexity, energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, and user satisfaction.

[1] IEEE 802.16e-2005 Standard, “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” Sept. 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieee802.org/16/tge/index.html
[2] IEEE 802.16m-2011 Standard, “IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems Amendment 3: Advanced Air Interface,” May 2011. [Online]. Available: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.16.html
[3] S. Deb, S. Jaiswal and K. Nagaraj, “Real-Time Video Multicast in WiMAX Networks,” IEEE INFOCOM, pp. 1579 –1587, 2008.
[4] J. She, F. Hou, P.-H. Ho and L.-L. Xie, “IPTV over WiMAX: Key Success Factors, Challenges, and Solutions [Advances in Mobile Multimedia],” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 87 –93, Aug. 2007.
[5] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe and T. Wiegand, “Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1103–1120, Sept. 2007.
[6] W.-H. Kuo, T. Liu and W. Liao, “Utility-Based Resource Allocation for Layer-Encoded IPTV Multicast in IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Wireless Networks,” IEEE ICC, pp. 1754–1759, 2007.
[7] C.-W. Huang, P.-H. Wu, S.-J. Lin and J.-N. Hwang, “Layered Video Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX Using Opportunistic Multicasting,” IEEE WCNC, pp. 1–6, 2009.
[8] S.-M. Huang, C.-W. Huang, P.-H. Wu, J.-N. Hwang, V. Gau and Y.-C. Chen, “Resource Efficient Opportunistic Multicast Scheduling for IPTV over MobileWiMAX,” IEEE VTC, pp. 1–5, 2010.
[9] Y.-J. Yu, P.-C. Hsiu and A.-C. Pang, “Energy-Efficient Video Multicast in 4G Wireless Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 1508–1522, Oct. 2012.
[10] J.-P. Sheu, C.-C. Kao, S.-R. Yang and L.-F. Chang, “A Resource Allocation Scheme for Scalable Video Multicast in WiMAX Relay Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 90–104, Jan. 2013.
[11] W.-H. Kuo, W. Liao and T. Liu, “Adaptive Resource Allocation for Layer-Encoded IPTV Multicasting in IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 116 –124, Feb. 2011.
[12] C. Huang, S. Huang, P.Wu, S. Lin and J. Hwang, “OLM: Opportunistic Layered Multicasting for Scalable IPTV over Mobile WiMAX,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 453–463, Mar. 2012.
[13] S.-C. Huang, R.-H. Jan and C. Chen, “Energy Efficient Scheduling with QoS Guarantee for IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access Networks,” IWCMC, pp. 547–552, 2007.
[14] J.-J. Chen, J.-M. Liang and Y.-C. Tseng, “An Energy Efficient Sleep Scheduling Considering QoS Diversity for IEEE 802.16e Wireless Networks,” IEEE ICC, pp. 1 –5, 2010.
[15] J.-J. Chen, S.-L.Wu, S.-W.Wang and Y.-C. Tseng, “Per-Flow Sleep Scheduling for Power Management in IEEE 802.16 Wireless Networks,” Elsevier Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 3721 –3733, 2011.
[16] Y.-C. Tseng, J.-J. Chen and Y.-C. Yang, “Managing Power Saving Classes in IEEE 802.16 Wireless MANs: A Fold-and-Demultiplex Method,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1237 –1247, Sep. 2011.
[17] K. Yamazawa, T. Ishikawa, T. Sato, S. Ikeda, Y. Nakamura, K. Fujikawa, H. Sunahara and N. Yokoya, “Web-Based Telepresence System Using Omni-Directional Video Streams,” Springer PCM, pp. 45–52, 2004.
[18] T. Ishikawa, K. Yamazawa, T. Kurata and N. Yokoya, “Mobile Omnidirectional Monitoring System for Remote Personal Security,” IPSJ CollabTech, Aug. 2008.
[19] A. J. Huber and J. F. Huber, “UMTS and Mobile Computing,” Inc. Artech House, 2002.
[20] L. Kong and D.H.K. Tsang, “Performance Study of Power Saving Classes of Type I and II in IEEE 802.16e,” IEEE LCN, pp. 20 –27, 2006.
[21] T.-C. Chen, Y.-Y. Chen and J.-C. Chen, “An Efficient Energy Saving Mechanism for IEEE 802.16eWireless MANs,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 10,
pp. 3708 –3712, Oct. 2008.
[22] T.-C. Chen, J.-C. Chen and Y.-Y. Chen, “Maximizing Unavailability Interval for Energy Saving in IEEE 802.16e Wireless MANs,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 475 –487, Apr. 2009.
[23] “Mobile WiMAX − Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation,” WiMAX Forum, Aug. 2006.
[24] M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, “Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness,” W. H. Freeman & Co., 1979.
[25] B. Xia and Z. Tan, “Tighter Bounds of the First Fit Algorithm for the Bin-Packing Problem,” Elsevier Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 158, no. 15, pp. 1668–1675, 2010.
[26] G. Dosa, “The Tight Bound of First Fit Decreasing Bin-Packing Algorithm Is FFD(I)=(11/9)OPT(I)+6/9,” Springer Combinatorics, Algorithms, vol. 4614, pp. 1–11, 2007.
[27] Iron Man 2 (2010). [Online]. Available: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1228705/
[28] “Datasheet: SQN1130 System-on-Chip (SoC) for WiMAX Mobile Stations,” Sequans Commun., 2007.
[29] Y. Zhang, “Performance Modeling of Energy Management Mechanism in IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX,” IEEE WCNC, pp. 3205 –3209, 2007.
[30] C. Cicconetti, L. Lenzini, E. Mingozzi and C. Vallati, “Reducing Power Consumption with QoS Constraints in IEEE 802.16eWireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile
Computing, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1008 –1021, Jul. 2010.
[31] S. Jin, M. Choi and S. Choi, “Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.16m Sleep Mode for Heterogeneous Traffic,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 405 –407, May
2010.
[32] E. Hwang, K. J. Kim, J. J. Son and B. D. Choi, “The Power-Saving Mechanism with Periodic Traffic Indications in the IEEE 802.16e/m,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 319 –334, Jan. 2010.
[33] S. Jin, X. Chen, D. Qiao and S. Choi, “Adaptive Sleep Mode Management in IEEE 802.16m Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks,” Elsevier Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 3774 –3783, 2011.
[34] S.-R. Yang and C.-C. Kao, “An Energy-Efficient Scheduling Algorithm for IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” IWCMC, pp. 532–536, 2009.
[35] J. Shi, G. Fang, Y. Sun, J. Zhou, Z. Li and E. Dutkiewicz, “WLC17-5: Improving Mobile Station Energy Efficiency in IEEE 802.16e WMAN by Burst Scheduling,” IEEE GLOBECOM, pp. 1 –5, 2006.
[36] C.-C. Kao, S.-R. Yang, and J.-Y. Wang, “A Sleep-Mode Interleaving Algorithm for Layered-Video Multicast over Mobile WiMAX,” IEEE WCNC, 2011.