中文摘要
本研究主要在檢驗Christianson「負向情緒記憶模式」中的”前注意處理階段”與”刺激後精緻化階段”兩個歷程來解釋：負向情緒刺激相對於中性刺激會有更強烈記憶表現的現象。實驗一主要在考驗前注意處理 “快速且無意識” 的假設。受試者以150毫秒或2秒的時間注視三種不同評價的字詞。結果顯示受試者對負向詞語的再認表現顯著優於對中性詞語與對正向詞語的再認表現，且受試者對負向詞語的再認時間也顯著快於對中性詞語與對正向詞語的再認時間。實驗二主要在考驗刺激後精緻化 “具有強化記憶效果” 之假設。受試者以2秒或5秒的時間注視並記憶負向、中性與正向詞語，而且在每個詞語呈現的間隔時間中，必須完成複誦、數學運算或情境想像的任務，之後接受自由回憶測驗。結果顯示受試者對詞語的回憶率沒有負向、中性或正向詞語的差異存在，也沒有2秒或5秒刺激呈現時間的差異存在。只顯示在精緻化情境中，情境想像組與複誦組受試者的回憶率顯著高於數學運算組受試者的回憶率。由以上實驗結果得知，Christianson的前注意處理假設得到完全的證實，但刺激後精緻化的假設在此並未得到強烈的支持。

Abstract
This study was designed to examine the pre-attentive process and post-stimulus elaboration process proposed by Christianson (1992) as a negative emotion-memory model in interpreting the phenomenon of emotional memory, that people have better memory for negative emotional stimuli than for neutral stimuli. Experiment 1 was to examine the “rapid and non-conscious” hypothesis in the pre-attentive process. Half subjects were instructed to view 60 terms that varied in valence (negative vs. neutral vs. positive) for 150ms presentation, and the other half for 2s presentation. The results of Experiment 1 showed that subjects had higher recognition and faster reaction time for negative terms than for neutral and positive terms. No group difference was found.
Experiment 2 was to examine the “enhanced memory” hypothesis in the post-stimulus elaboration process. Half subjects were instructed to remember 60 terms that varied in valence (negative vs. neutral vs. positive) for 2s presentation, and the other half for 5s presentation. During the inter-terms intervals, participants were required to complete an addition task (“simply rehearsal” vs. “work on math” vs. “think more in-depth”). A free recall test was conducted immediately after presentations. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that neither valence effect nor presentation time effect was obtained, only that subjects with “simply rehearsal” and with “think more in-depth” tasks had better recall than those with “work on math” task. The results of this study supported the pre-attentive process, but not post-stimulus elaboration process, of the negative emotion-memory model.

參考文獻
一、中文部分
史托曼（Strongman, K. T.）著（1993）。情緒心理學（The Psychology of Emotion.）（游恆山譯）。台北：五南。（原作1987出版）
史奎爾、肯戴爾（Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R.）著（2001）。透視記憶（Memory From Mind to Molecules）（洪蘭譯b）。台北：遠流。（原作1999出版）
格雷曼（Gleitman, H.）著（1997）。心理學（Psychology）（洪蘭譯）。台北：遠流。（原作1997出版）
約瑟夫.李竇（LeDoux, J.）著（2001）。腦中有情:奧妙的理性與感性（The Emotional Brain：The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life.）（洪蘭譯a）。台北：遠流。（原作1996出版）
國語會（1996）。「國語推行委員會八十五年詞頻資料庫」。台北：教育部。
道格拉斯.布里納（Bremner, J. D.）著（2004）。壓力的烙印:精神創傷對身體和心理的影響（Does Stress Damage the Brain? Understanding trauma-related disorders from a mind-body perspective.）（嚴愛鑫、鄭存明譯）。台北：商周。（原作2002出版）
羅普（Rupp, R.）著（2004）。記憶的秘密（Committed to Memory.）（洪蘭譯）。台北：貓頭鷹。（原作1998出版）
二、英文部分
Balch, W. R., Myers, D. M., & Papotto, C. (1999). Dimensions of mood in mood-dependent memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 70-83
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5. 323-370.
Blake, T. M., Varnhagen, C. K., & Parent, M. B. (2001). Emotionally arousing pictures increase blood glucose levels and enhance recall. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 75, 262-273.
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992). Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory. Journal of of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 379-390.
Brown, R., & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5, 73-99.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Bernston, G. G. (1999). The affect system: Architecture and operating characteristics. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 133-137.
Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 294-299.
Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., & McGaugh, J. L. (1994, October 20). Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature, 371, 702-704.
Canli, L., Zhao, Z., Brewer, J., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Cahill, L. (2000). Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20, RC99.
Christianson, S, A. (1992). Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 284-309.
Christianson, S, A., & Engelberg, E. (1999). Memory and emotional consistency: The MS Estonia ferry disaster. Memory, 7, 471-482.
Christianson, S, A., & Fallman, L. (1990). The role of age on reactivity and memory for emotional pictures. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 31, 291-301
Christianson, S, A., & Loftus, E. F. (1990). Some characteristic of people’s traumatic memories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 195-198.
Christianson, S, A., & Loftus, E. F. (1991). Remembering Emotion Events：The Fate of Detail Information. Cognition & Emotion, 5, 81-108.
Christianson, S, A., Loftus, E. F., Hoffman, H., & Loftus, G. R. (1991). Eye fixations and memory for emotional events. Journal Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 693-701.
D’Argembeau, A., & Van der Liden, M. (2005). Influence of Emotion on Memory for Temporal Information. Emotion, 5, 503-507.
Dietrich, D. E., Waller, C., Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Emrich, H. M., & Munte, T. F. (2001). Differential effects of emotional content on event-related potentials in word recognition memory. Neuropsychobiology, 43, 96-101.
Dijksterhuis, A., & Aarts, H. (2003). On wildebeests and humans: The preferential detection of negative stimuli. Psychological Science, 14, 14-18.
Doerksen, S., & Shimamura, A. S. (2001). Sourse Memory Enhancement for Emotional Words. Emotion, 1, 5-11.
Fazio, R. H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 115-141.
Fernandes, M. A., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Divided attention and memory: Evidence of substantial interference effects at retrieval encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 155-176.
Guy, S. C., & Cahill, L. (1999). The role of overt rehearsal in enhanced conscious memory for emotional events. Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal, 8, 114-122.
Hadley, C. B., & MacKay, D. G. (2006). Does Emotion Help or Hinder Immediate Memory? Arousal Versus Priority-Binding Mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 79-88.
Hamann, S. B. (2001). Cognitive and neutral mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5, 394-400.
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Grafton, s. T., & Kilts, S. D. (1999). Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 289-293.
Kern, R. P., Libkuman, T. M., & Otani, H. (2002). Memory for negatively arousing and neutral pictorial stimuli using a repeated testing paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 749-767.
Kern, R. P., Libkuman, T. M., Otani, H., & Holmes, K. (2005). Emotional Stimuli, Divided Attention, and Memory. Emotion, 5, 408-417.
Lang, A., Dhillon, K., & Dong, Q (1995). The effects of emotional arousal and valence on television viewer’s cognitive and memory. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 313-327.
Libkuman, T. M., Stabler, C. L., & Otani, H. (2004). Arousal, Valence, and memory for detail. Memory, 12, 1-11.
Livingston, R. B. (1967). Brain circuitry relation to complex behavior. In G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuck, & F.Q. Schmitt(Eds.), The neuroscience:A study program(pp.499-514). New York: Rockefeller University Press.
MacKay, D. G., & Ahmetzanov, M. V. (2005). Emotion, Memory, and Attention in the Taboo Stroop Paradigm. Psychological Science, 16, 25-32.
Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-Directed Memory: The Role of Cognitive Control in Older Adults’ Emotional Memory. Psychology and Aging, 20, 554-570.
May, C. P., Rahhal, T., Berry, E. M., & Leighton, E. A. (2005). Aging, Source Memory, and Emotion. Psychologgy and Aging, 20, 571-578.
Mikels, J. A., Larkin, G. R., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2005). Divergent Trajectories in the Aging Mind: Changes in Working Memory for Affective Versus Visual Information With Age. Psychologgy and Aging, 20, 542-553.
McGaugh, J. L. (1990). Significance and remembrance: The role of neuromodulatory systems. Psychological Science, 1, 15-25.
Naveh-Benjamin, M., Craik, F. I. M., Perretta, J. G., & Tonev, S. T. (2000). The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes: The resiliency of retrieval processes. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 53(A), 609-625.
Schupp, H. T., Junghofer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A.O. (2003). Emotional facilitation of sensory processing in the visual cortex. Psychological Science, 14, 7-13.
Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Cognitive Psychology(3rd ed.). USA:Wadsworth.
Wessel, I., van der Kooy, P., & Merckelbach, H. (2000). Differential recall of central and peripheral details of emotional slides is not a stable phenomenon. Memory, 8, 95-100