臺灣鱟醣結合蛋白新穎抗菌功能探索及分析｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	吳嬋娟 Ng, Sim-Kun
論文名稱：	臺灣鱟醣結合蛋白新穎抗菌功能探索及分析 Discovery and Characterization of Novel Antibacterial Features of Taiwanese Horseshoe Crab Glycan-Binding Protein
指導教授：	張大慈 Chang, Dah-Tsyr
口試委員:	張晃猷 Chang, Hwan-You 蘇士哲 Sue, Shih-Che 藍忠昱 Lan, Chung-Yu 吳東昆 Wu, Tung-Kung 邱政洵 Chiu, Cheng-Hsun 周維宜 Chou, Wei-I 劉錫輝 Liu, Shi-Hwei
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	生命科學暨醫學院 - 分子與細胞生物研究所 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	161
中文關鍵詞：	醣結合蛋白、病原性細菌、蛋白質—醣分子交互作用、生物膜、綠膿桿菌
外文關鍵詞：	Glycan-Binding Protein, Pathogenic Bacteria, Protein-Glycan Interaction, Biofilm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
相關次數：	點閱：4 下載：0
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抗藥性細菌的感染問題日益嚴重，現今大部分抗生素對抗藥性細菌無效，因此新型抗菌劑的研發非常迫切。綠膿桿菌是其中一種具嚴重威脅的病原菌，為8到10%感染疾病的主因。病原菌表面的病原相關分子模式 (PAMP)，特別是醣分子在宿主與病原菌之間的交互作用扮演重要角色。因此，以細菌表面醣分子作為藥物標靶可能提供新的抗菌藥物研發策略。科學家分別在2000年及2006年從臺灣鱟血漿分離具細菌脂多醣內毒素 (LPS) 辨識能力的鱟血漿凝集素 (HPL)並分析功能，其蛋白質序列迴異於其他已知蛋白質、且重組蛋白質溶解度極低。2014年本實驗室成功於大腸桿菌細胞內表現並純化可溶性重組HPL (rHPL)，鑑定rHPL具混合性之二級結構，且雙硫鍵之形成對其細菌結合功能非常重要。利用醣晶片及高靈敏度磁減量檢測試驗證實rHPL可專一性結合鼠李糖，此醣常出現於細菌表面之病原相關分子模式，但人類細胞則無。2016年進一步證明有機合成的多價性鼠李糖能有效增加與rHPL結合能力，利用等溫滴定熱量儀測定rHPL與含鼠李糖之醣蛋白解離常數屬微莫爾 (μM) 範圍。此外rHPL可凝集綠膿桿菌PAO1及PA14，並能抑制此兩種菌株之生物膜形成及其造成的宿主細胞毒性。本論文具體貢獻為發現鼠李糖結合蛋白rHPL與致病菌交互作用之分子機制，未來可開發為新穎生醫應用材料。

Rapid emergence of multiple-drug resistance (MDR) of pathogens, together with sluggish discovery of new antibacterial agents has led to the need for high demand of alternative treatments. Among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves in around 8−10% of all healthcare-associated infections. Cell surface pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) especially glycan moieties play important roles in host-pathogen interaction. Hence bacterial cell surface polysaccharide components have drawn research attention as molecular targets for new therapeutic development. Among various natural resources a Taiwanese horseshoe crab plasma lectin (HPL) has been identified to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on bacterial cell wall in 2000 followed by functional characterization in 2006. Our laboratory has generated soluble recombinant HPL (rHPL) in an Escherichia coli expression system in 2014. rHPL possssed a mixed secondary structure, and disulfide bond formation was essential for its bacterial binding activity. Both glycan array screening and magnetic reduction (MR) assays revealed that rHPL specifically recognized a unique glycan moiety, rhamnose, located on bacterial PAMPs but not human cell surface. In 2017 multivaent rhamnobosides were synthesized to show higher binding affinities to rHPL than L-rhamnose monosaccharide did. Binding constant between rHPL and rhamnose-containing protein was determined to be in micro-molar range. Moreover, rHPL was discovered to aggregate P. aeruginosa and also inhibit biofilm formation and host cell infection of 2 strains PAO1 and PA14 in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, rHPL may serve as a rhamnose binding protein acting as a natural pathogen recognition molecule, and may further facilitate development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic agent.

Abstract    I
摘要    II
Acknowledgement    III
Contents    IV
Abbreviation    XI
Chapter 1    Introduction    1
1.1    Infection disease and antibiotics resistance    1
1.2    Pseudomonas aeruginosa    2
1.3    Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa    3
1.4    Lectin    5
1.5    Lectins from horseshoe crab    7
1.6    Horseshoe crab plasma lectin (HPL)    10
1.7    Research motivation    12
Chapter 2    Materials and Methods    14
2.1    Microbial strains, plasmids and culture media    14
2.2    Chemicals and antibodies    15
2.3    Preparation of competent cells    15
2.4    Expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli BL21-Rosetta (DE3)    16
2.5    Purification of rHPL    17
2.6    Protein buffer exchange and concentration    17
2.7    Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for concentration determination    18
2.8    Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)    18
2.9    Far-UV Circular Dichroism    19
2.10    Magnetic Reduction (MR) assay    19
2.11    Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)    20
2.12    Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)    22
2.13    Hemagglutinating assay    22
2.14    Colony formation assay for rHPL-treated P. aeruginosa    23
2.15    Growth cruve of rHPL-treated P. aeruginosa    23
2.16    Bacterial agglutination activity of rHPL    24
2.17    Anti-Biofilm Assay    24
2.18    Anti-A549 infection assay    25
2.19    Statistical analysis    26
Chapter 3    Results    27
3.1    Expression and purification of rHPL    27
3.2    Secondary structure analysis of rHPL    27
3.3    Importance of disulfide bond formation for LPS-binding activity of rHPL    28
3.4    Determination of rHPL-glycan binding preference by glycan array    29
3.5    Determination of direct binding between rHPL and L-Rha by Magnetic Reduction (MR) assay    31
3.6    Inhibitory effect of L-Rha and Rha-BSA conjugate on rHPL-LPS/bacteria interaction    32
3.7    Inhibitory effect of synthetic L-rhamnosides on rHPL-bacteria interaction    34
3.8    Binding affinity of rHPL to synthetic Rha-AD-BSA    37
3.9    Binding constants determination between rHPL and Rha-AD-BSA    38
3.10    rHPL showed no hemagglutination activity to sheep and rabbit erythrocytes    39
3.11    Binding activities of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    40
3.12    Colony formation effect of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    40
3.13    Cell growth effect of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    41
3.14    Agglutination activity of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    41
3.15    Inhibitory effect of rHPL on biofilm of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    42
3.16    Inhibitory effect of rHPL on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 cytotoxicity to A549 cells    44
Chapter 4    Discussion    46
4.1    Conclusion    46
4.2    Structure analysis of rHPL    48
4.3    Glycan binding preference of rHPL    50
4.4    Importance of rhamnose in pathogens    54
4.5    Comparison between rHPL and tachylectin-3    56
4.6    Comparison between rHPL and rhamnose-binding lectins    57
4.7    Antibacterial features of rHPL    58
4.8    Strategies for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections    62
4.9    Prospects of rHPL    63
Chapter 5    Reference    66
Figure    81
Figure 1-1  Antibiotic mechanisms of action [145]    81
Figure 1-2  LPS of P. aeruginosa    82
Figure 1-3  Five stages of biofilm development    83
Figure 1-4  Structure of exopolysaccharides of P. aeruginosa biofilm    84
Figure 1-5  Innate immune system of horseshoe crab [49]    85
Figure 1-6  Sequence alignment of nHPL and TL-3    86
Figure 1-7  Putative secondary and tertiary structure of nHPL    87
Figure 1-8  Integration of key strategies in rHPL collaboration project: Fighting pathogenic bacteria with Taiwanese horseshoe crab glycan-binding proteins    88
Figure 3-1  Purification and characterization of rHPL expressed in E. coli    90
Figure 3-2  Circular dichroism spectrum of rHPL    91
Figure 3-3  LPS binding activity of DTT-treated rHPL    92
Figure 3-4  Glycan binding activity of rHPL determined by a glycan array    93
Figure 3-5  Glycan binding activity of rHPL determined by magnetic reduction assay    94
Figure 3-6  Inhibitory effect of L-rhamnose monosaccharide and Rha-BSA on rHPL-LPS/bacteria interaction    95
Figure 3-7  Inhibitory effect of rhamnobosides on rHPL-bacteria interaction    97
Figure 3-8  Synthesis scheme of Rha-AD-BSA    98
Figure 3-9  Molecular weight determination of Rha-AD-BSAs    99
Figure 3-10  Binding affinities of rHPL to Rha-AD-BSA determined by ELISA    100
Figure 3-11  Binding affinities of rHPL to Rha-AD-BSA #6 determined by ITC    101
Figure 3-12  rHPL effect on hemagglutination activity    102
Figure 3-13  Comparison of binding activities of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    103
Figure 3-14  Effect of rHPL on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 colony formation    104
Figure 3-15  rHPL effect on growth curve of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    105
Figure 3-16  rHPL effect on bacterial agglutination of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    106
Figure 3-17  Inhibitory effect on biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 by rHPL    107
Figure 3-18  Inhibitory effect on mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 by rHPL    108
Figure 3-19  rHPL effect on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 infection to A549 cells by rHPL    109
Table    110
Table 1-1  O-specific antigen repeating units of 20 IATS P. aeruginosa strains    110
Table 1-2  Lectins from marine organisms    112
Table 3-1  Relative binding percentage of DTT-treated rHPL to LPSs    114
Table 3-2  rHPL binding signals to glycans on CFG array v5.1    115
Table 3-3  Magnetic reduction of rHPL-conjugated MNPs titrated with analytes (D-galactose, L-rhamnose, or LPS of P. aeruginosa O10)    116
Table 3-4  Inhibitory effect of L-rhamnose and L-rhamnose-BSA conjugate on rHPL-LPS/bacteria interaction    117
Table 3-5  Inhibitory effects of multivalent rhamnobiosides to rHPL-bacteria interaction    118
Table 3-6  Rhamnose contents and rHPL-binding affinities of Rha-AD-BSAs    119
Table 3-7  Binding constants of rHPL to Rha-AD-BSA #6 measuring by ITC    120
Table 3-8  Binding activities of rHPL to P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    121
Table 3-9  Inhibitory effect of rHPL on colony formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    122
Table 3-10  Inhibitory effect of rHPL on biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    123
Table 3-11  Inhibitory effect of rHPL on biofilm maintenance of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    124
Table 3-12  Inhibitory effect of rHPL on cytotoxicity of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 to A549 cells    125
Table 4-1  Comparison between rHPL and TL-3    126
Table 4-2  Effect of rHPL on P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14    127
Appendix    128
Appendix Figure 1  pET-23a-d(+) vector map    128
Appendix Figure 2  Binding activity of rHPL to clinically-isolated bacteria    129
Appendix Figure 3  Multivalent rhamnosides synthesized by Dr. Anikó Borbás    133
Appendix Figure 4  Chemical structures of different rhamnolipids    134
Appendix Figure 5  Multiple sequence alignment of rHPL and RBLs    135
Appendix Figure 6  Effect of rHPL on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation    137
Appendix Figure 7  Effect of rHPL on P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm formation    139
Appendix Table 1  Glycan list of CFG array v5.1    140
(http://www.functionalglycomics.org/static/index.shtml)    140
Appendix Table 2  Blood group A-pentasaccharide and similar glycans on CFG array v5.1    161


                                

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