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研究生: 許汎宣
Hsu, Fan-Hsuan
論文名稱: 網際網路上妨害名譽罪之研究
The Criminal Offences of Defamatory Statements on the Internet
指導教授: 范建得
Fan, Chien-Te
口試委員: 翁曉玲
王銘勇
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 212
中文關鍵詞: 網際網路匿名性言論自由網路犯罪妨害名譽社群網站臉書轉載網路服務提供者通訊端正法善良撒馬利亞人條款策略性訴訟
外文關鍵詞: Internet, anonymity, freedom of expression, cybercrime, defamation, social network sites, Facebook, Like, repost, ISP, the Communications Decency Act (CDA), Good Samaritan statute, Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
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  • 網際網路去中心化、匿名與跨國界之特性,使得網路成為時下熱門的通訊傳播媒體外,亦成為孕育各種網路犯罪的溫床。其中,網路妨害名譽之案件數量在近幾年有大幅成長的趨勢,突顯網路空間中個人名譽與言論自由基本權衝突之情形更甚以往。鑑於使用網路此一現代科技與他人溝通或發表個人意見常不自覺觸法的情形下,了解網路此一新興科技對於我國刑法妨害名譽罪章之認定究竟帶來何種影響,便有其研究實益。
    關於網路妨害名譽之爭議,本文將焦點置於匿名性、去中心化、使用成本低廉與跨國界等網路特性對於網路言論之影響,以呈現網路妨害名譽案件之特殊性,希冀理出審理網路妨害名譽案件的衡量標準。此外,本文亦從美國法之觀點探討各種新興的網路妨害名譽議題,舉凡於Facebook按讚或轉載他人文章是否構成妨害名譽,並介紹美國通訊端正法第230條「善良撒馬利亞人」之網路業者免責條款,探討網路服務提供者是否必須為非出於己的不法言論負擔法律責任,同時亦從我國實務觀點分析網路服務提供者是否負有監控義務,與刪除不當言論之作為義務。由於網路心得文、抱怨文亦為現行常見的網路內容,故企業或專門職業技術人員動輒對網友發表之網路心得文提起妨害名譽訴訟之情形,是否有構成美國所謂「策略性訴訟」之疑慮,本文亦將作一綜合探討。


    The characteristics of the Internet such as decentralization, anonymity and transnationality have made the Internet become a popular communication media nowadays, as well as the hotbeds of the cybercrimes. Meanwhile there is a substantial growing trend in the rise of defamation lawsuits on the Internet in recent years, highlighting the conflicts of personal reputation and the fundamental right of freedom of expression in cyberspace more than ever. Given the use of the Internet to communicate with others or express personal opinions often unconsciously against the law, it will be very beneficial to understand what kind of impacts on Taiwan’s criminal law the Internet brings.

    In considering of the controversy of the defamatory statements over the Internet, this article will focus on how the anonymity, decentralization, low cost of using the Internet, and transnationality affect the Internet speech, to present the particularity of defamatory statements in cyberspace and hope to figure out the standard of handling the defamation lawsuits on the Internet. Furthermore, the emerging issues of defamation in cyberspace from the perspective of American law were also explored. These issues include discussing whether clicking “Like” on a Facebook page or repost others articles constitute defamatory statements or not, and introducing section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) which contains a broad immunity for “Good Samaritan” content filter, not only to analysis whether Internet Service Providers (ISP) should be held liable for the torts and crimes of the individuals who use their servers, but also discuss whether ISPs should be responsible for filtering indecent or offensive material, and their obligation of deleting inappropriate content from the courts’ point of view in Taiwan. Additionally, due to the popularity of griping speech on the Internet, there is a growing trend of businesses and professionals suing consumers who griped about them online. This article will also introduce the concept of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) in order to examine whether these cases constitute SLAPP or not.

    摘要 i Abstract ii 誌謝 iii 第一章、緒論 1 1.1研究背景 1 1.2研究動機與目的 3 1.3研究範圍 6 1.4研究方法 7 1.5本文架構 8 第二章、概說網際網路與網路犯罪 10 2.1網際網路發展簡史與定義 10 2.1.1網際網路發展簡史 10 2.1.1.1網際網路的前身-ARPANET 10 2.1.1.2今日的網際網路-Internet 11 2.1.2網際網路之定義 14 2.2 從Web 1.0至Web 2.0 15 2.2.1 Web 1.0 15 2.2.2 Web 2.0 17 2.3 Web 2.0主要言論平台類型 19 2.3.1電子佈告欄 19 2.3.2部落格 21 2.3.3社群網站 22 2.4網際網路言論之特性 24 2.4.1資訊之轉譯、複製、蒐集、儲存、傳輸便利且低成本 26 2.4.2去中心化 26 2.4.3匿名性 27 2.4.4公私難分 29 2.4.5跨國界性 29 2.5網路犯罪概論 30 第三章、論現有刑法中的妨害名譽罪 36 3.1名譽之內涵 37 3.1.1生物學與社會科學的名譽觀 37 3.1.2法律上的名譽觀 38 3.1.2.1德國法對於名譽概念之思考-兼論我國情況 39 3.1.2.2英美法對於名譽概念之思考 42 3.1.3網絡社會的名譽觀 47 3.2妨害名譽之相關法規範 50 3.3刑法妨害名譽罪 52 3.3.1大法官釋字第509號解釋 52 3.3.2妨害名譽罪要件之檢討 54 3.3.2.1妨害名譽之行為與結果 54 3.3.2.2行為的特殊情狀 58 3.3.2.3妨害名譽罪之消極要件 62 3.4小結 65 第四章、妨害名譽罪於網際網路之適用 66 4.1網際網路妨害名譽行為的特殊性 67 4.1.1匿名性 67 4.1.2跨國界性 68 4.1.3網路中介者 68 4.1.4轉載行為 69 4.1.5資訊內容存在型態多元 69 4.2實體世界法律於網路空間中的角色 70 4.2.1制定新法說 71 4.2.2直接適用說 72 4.2.3修正適用說 73 4.2.4小結 74 4.3網際網路妨害名譽行為所涉法益衝突之探討 75 4.3.1著重言論自由之保護 77 4.3.2著重名譽權之保護 81 4.3.3小結 84 第五章、網際網路妨害名譽之責任歸屬 86 5.1以按讚與轉載為例論責任之歸屬 87 5.1.1按「讚」的法律意涵與相關爭議 88 5.1.1.1 Facebook簡介 90 5.1.1.2網際網路上的言論類型與言論自由之保護 92 5.1.1.3 Bland v. Roberts案-按讚是否為憲法保護的言論 95 1. 案例事實 95 2. 一審法院見解 96 3. 第四巡迴上訴法院見解 97 (1) Facebook與ACLU提出的法庭之友 98 (2) 第四巡迴上訴法院見解-按讚不僅是純言論,同時也是象徵性言論 100 4. 案例分析 101 5. 小結-數位科技時代的語言溝通模式 105 5.1.1.4按讚是否構成妨害名譽之言論 106 5.1.2轉載與分享文章是否構成妨害名譽之言論 109 5.1.3小結 114 5.2美國關於網路資訊中介者之責任歸屬 115 5.2.1資訊中介者之種類 116 5.2.2資訊中介者之責任 118 5.2.2.1出版者責任(Publisher liability) 119 5.2.2.2散布者責任(Distributor liability) 120 5.2.2.3公共載具之責任(Conduit liability) 121 5.3結論 121 第六章、網際網路妨害名譽責任之認定-以美國通訊端正法為例 124 6.1美國通訊端正法第230條制定前的判斷標準與爭議案例 126 6.1.1 Cubby v. CompuServe案 127 1. 案例事實 127 2. 法院見解 128 6.1.2 Stratton Oakmont v. Prodigy案 129 1. 案例事實 129 2. 法院見解 130 6.1.3小結 131 6.2美國通訊端正法第230條「善良撒馬利亞人條款」之適用 132 6.2.1第230條「善良撒馬利亞人條款」之內容 133 6.2.2法院對於第230條的解釋-Zeran v. America Online案 136 1. 案例事實 137 2. 一審法院見解 137 3. 第四巡迴上訴法院見解 138 4. 小結 140 6.2.3法院過度擴張第230條適用之爭議與反思 140 6.2.3.1 Chicago Lawyers’ Committee v. Craigslist案 141 1. 案例事實 142 2. 法院見解 142 3. 小結 144 6.2.3.2 Fair Housing Council v. Roommates.com案 144 1. 案例事實 144 2. 一審法院見解 145 3. 第九巡迴上訴法院見解 146 4. 小結 150 6.2.4結論 151 6.3我國網路服務提供者之責任認定 152 6.3.1網路服務提供者有無監控義務 153 6.3.2網路服務提供者有無審核用戶真實身分與刪除不當言論之作為義務 158 6.3.3小結 162 6.4結論 163 第七章、網際網路妨害名譽訴訟之氾濫與制度上之節制-以美國策略性訴訟(SLAPP)為例 165 7.1牢騷與抱怨-網路心得評論與妨害名譽 168 7.1.1公司提起之妨害名譽訴訟 170 7.1.2專門職業技術人員提起之妨害名譽訴訟-以醫師為例 173 7.1.3小結 177 7.2策略性訴訟(SLAPP) 178 7.2.1 SLAPP概論 178 7.2.2 CyberSLAPP網際網路之策略性訴訟 182 7.2.3濫訴之影響 184 7.3結論 185 第八章、結論與建議 188 參考文獻 195

    壹、 中文文獻
    一、 司法院大法官解釋與法院判決
    司法院大法官釋字第145號解釋及理由書。
    司法院大法官釋字第509號解釋及理由書。
    司法院大法官釋字第509號解釋,蘇俊雄大法官、吳庚大法官之協同意見書。
    司法院28年院字第1922號解釋。
    司法院29年院字第2033號解釋。
    司法院30年院字第2179號解釋。
    臺灣高等法院臺南分院99年度上易字第558號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第2307號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第2407號刑事判決
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第2047號刑事判決
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第956號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第391號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第426號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院臺南分院100年度上易字第403號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院臺中分院100年度上易字第493號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院101年度上易字第221號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院101年度上易字第2145號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院101年度上易字第872號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院101年度上易字第1088號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院臺中分院102年度上易字第741號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院臺中分院103年度上易字第93號民事判決。
    臺灣板橋地方法院96年度易字第613號刑事判決。
    臺灣新竹地方法院100年度易字第68號刑事判決。
    臺灣臺北地方法院100年度易字第2794號刑事判決
    臺灣板橋地方法院100年度易字第3455號刑事判決。
    臺灣板橋地方法院100年度易字第3733號刑事判決。
    臺灣臺北地方法院101年度易字第993號刑事判決。
    臺灣高雄地方法院95年度簡上字第843號刑事判決。
    臺灣板橋地方法院99年度自字第34號刑事判決。
    臺灣高等法院100年度上字第752號民事判決。
    臺灣高等法院102年度上字第191號民事判決。
    臺灣高等法院102年度上字第979號民事判決。
    臺灣板橋地方法院100年度訴字第1351號民事判決。
    臺灣臺北地方法院100年度訴字第955號民事判決。
    臺灣臺北地方法院102年度訴字第1488號民事判決。
    臺灣臺中地方法院102年度訴字第2288號民事判決。
    臺灣臺北地方法院101年度訴字第3528號民事判決。
    二、 專書
    甘添貴(2001),《體系刑法各論(第一卷)》,瑞興。
    林山田(2004),《刑法各罪論(上)》,台大法學院。
    林子儀(1999),〈言論自由與名譽權保障之新發展〉,《言論自由與新聞自由》,元照。
    林麗真(2004),〈網際網路相關服務提供者之民事法律責任〉,《私法學之傳統與現代─林誠二教授六秩華誕祝壽論文集(上)》,學林文化。
    吳筱玫(2003),《網路傳播概論》,智勝文化。
    法治斌(2003),〈保障言論自由的遲來正義-評司法院大法官釋字第五〇九號〉,《法治國家與表意自由-憲法專論(三)》,正典。
    高金桂(2002),〈論刑法對個人名譽保護之必要性及其界線〉,《甘添貴教授六秩祝壽論文集-刑事法學之理想與探索(第二卷刑法各論)》,學林文化。
    許家馨(2013),〈民刑誹謗二元體系之形成與分析:以「故意過失」為中心的實證研究〉,《2011司法制度實證研究》,中央研究院法律學研究所。
    黃榮堅(2000),〈刑法增修後的電腦犯罪問題〉,《刑罰的極限》,元照。
    馮震宇(2000),〈我國網路犯罪類型及案例探討〉,《網路法基本問題研究(一)》,學林文化。
    褚劍鴻(2001),《刑法分則釋論(下冊)》,臺灣商務印書館。
    蔡墩銘(1998),《刑法各論》,三民書局。
    Nick Bilton著,王惟芬、黃柏桓、楊雅婷譯(2011),《一位數位移民的告白:facebook, ipad, iphone, twitter, e-reader如何翻轉我們的世界》,行人文化。
    Manuel Castells著,夏鑄九、王志弘等譯(2000),《網絡社會之崛起》,唐山。
    Cyril Fievet, Emily Turrettini著,施瑞瑄譯(2006),《誰沒部落格》,商周。
    Brain Kahin, Charles Nesson著,巫宗融譯(1999),《數位法律》,遠流。
    Richard Koch, Greg Lockwood著,張美惠譯(2010),《超級關係》,時報文化。
    Paul Levinson著,宋偉航譯(2000),《數位麥克魯漢》,貓頭鷹。
    Andrew L. Shapiro著,劉靜怡譯(2001),《控制權革命:新興科技對我們的最大衝擊》,臉譜。
    Eric Schmidt, Jared Cohen著,吳家恆、藍美貞、楊之瑜、鍾玉珏譯(2013),《數位新時代》,遠流。
    James Slevin著,王樂成、林佑聖、葉欣怡譯(2002),《網際網路與社會》,弘智文化。
    Daniel J. Solove著,林錚顗譯(2011),《隱私不保的年代:網路的流言蜚語、人肉搜索、網路霸凌和私密窺探》,博雅書屋。
    Patricia Wallace著,陳美靜譯(2001),《網路心理講義》,天下遠見。
    三、 期刊論文
    王正嘉(2012),〈網際網路上之刑法妨害名譽罪適用與界線-以實體與虛擬的二分社會論之〉,《政大法學評論》,第128期,頁143-202。
    李仁淼(2004),〈表現自由與名譽毀損-評台灣高等法院九十一年度上訴字第一〇八三號刑事判決〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第113期,頁236-251。
    李聖傑(2010),〈也論刑法對於虛擬人格的名譽保護-評台灣高雄地方法院刑事簡易判決九十八年度審簡字第六一一六號〉,《月旦裁判時報》,第4期,頁109-114
    李震山(1995),〈基本權利之衝突〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第1期,頁60-61。
    吳耀宗(2013),〈「可恥」VS.「操你媽的X」-評臺灣高等法院臺南分院一〇一年度上易字第二四二號刑事判決及臺南地方法院自字第一四號刑事判決〉,《月旦裁判時報》,第19期,頁46-63。
    法治斌(1986),〈論美國妨害名譽法制之憲法意義〉,《政大法學評論》,第33期,頁81-114。
    林山田(1984),〈電腦犯罪之研究〉,《政大法學評論》,第30期,頁45-66。
    林宜隆、邱士娟(2003),〈我國網路犯罪案例現況分析〉,《資訊、科技與社會學報》,第3卷第2期,頁73-88。
    林鈺雄(2002),〈誹謗罪之實體要件與訴訟證明-兼評大法官釋字第五〇九號解釋〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第32卷第2期,頁67-102。
    柯耀程(2004),〈檢視刑法誹謗罪之正當性-從釋字第五〇九號解釋與新新聞案觀察〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第111期,頁173-184。
    郭戎晉(2007),〈部落格及其法律問題之初探〉,《科技法律透析》,第19卷第4期,頁7-13。
    郭戎晉(2008),〈Web 2.0與法律—部落格(Blog)誹謗議題之研究〉,《法學新論》,第1期,頁145-167。
    郭戎晉(2011),〈網路言論傳播中介者責任與其免責規範之研究-以美國通訊端正法實務發展為中心〉,《科技法律透析》,第23卷第4期,頁20-43。
    許宗力(2003),〈基本權的保障與限制(上)〉,《月旦法學教室》,第11期,頁64-75。
    陳起行(2003),〈由Reno v. ACLU一案論法院與網際網路之規範〉,《歐美研究》,第33卷第3期,頁88-112。
    陳聰富(2011),〈法人團體之侵權責任〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第40卷第4期,頁2088-2121。
    馮震宇(2012),〈從間接侵權責任與三振條款立法看ISP責任之商榷〉,《月旦民商法雜誌》,第38期,頁5-22。
    葉啟洲(2012),〈罵人「共匪」或「胡錦濤」與名譽權侵害-臺灣板橋地方法院一百年度訴字第一三五一號民事判決〉,《月旦裁判時報》,第13期,頁87-95。
    蔡宗珍(1999),〈公法上之比例原則初論-以德國法的發展為中心〉,《政大法學評論》,第62期,頁75-103。
    蔡美智(1999),〈談網路犯罪〉,《資訊法務透析》,第11卷第1期,頁35-42。
    蔡蕙芳(2008),〈網際空間內之名譽保護-「天堂II」公然侮辱案之延伸思考〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第158期,頁171-183。
    蔡蕙芳(2010),〈網路言論、私領域言論與「公然」與「意圖散布於眾」涵義之探討〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第178期,頁70-86。
    劉靜怡(2005),〈言論自由、誹謗罪與名譽權之保障〉,《月旦法學教室》,第37期,頁36-46。
    四、 學位論文
    王振中(2009),《網路虛擬世界之財產權與名譽權保護之研究—以竊盜罪、公然侮辱罪與誹謗罪為中心》,東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    沈榮華(2003),《網路犯罪相關問題之研究》,國防大學管理學院法律學研究所碩士論文。
    何宗峻(2010),《論網際網路上誹謗性言論之管制與法律責任之研究》,國立高雄第一科技大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    余德正(2000),《不法使用網際網路之刑事責任》,東海大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    徐旻賦(2011),《公然侮辱罪再省思-從近年實務出發》,中國文化大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    徐偉群(2005),《論妨害名譽罪的除罪化》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所博士論文。
    張志隆(2005),《公然侮辱與誹謗罪規範之適用與區辨》,國立成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    陳裕涵(2013),《網路空間中之隱私權保障-以社群網站為中心》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    許慈健(2005),《網路犯罪偵查與我國關於網路服務提供者協助偵查法制之研究》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    黃燦堂(2008),《網路犯罪偵查方式與網路服務業者法律責任》,國立高雄第一科技大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    鄭博仁(2010),《網路誹謗行為之司法案例研究》,元智大學資訊社會學研究所碩士論文。
    劉傳璟(2008),《言論自由與名譽權之衝突與調和—從憲法與刑法出發》,國立高雄大學政治法律學系碩士論文。
    謝庭晃(2005),《妨害名譽罪之研究》,輔仁大學法律學研究所博士論文。
    蕭愛貞(2000),《網際網路犯罪之責任內涵-兼論網路服務業者之責任》,輔仁大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    簡翊玹(2011),《網路傳播與妨害名譽罪之研究》,東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    五、 報章媒體
    中時電子報(05/01/2014),不滿被按讚 公車司機怒告上千網友,http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20140501004110-260402(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    自由時報(10/30/2012),史上最多被告人? 許博允將告7000網友,http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/supplement/paper/626734(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    多維新聞(12/19/2011),韓國吞下網絡實名的苦果,http://opinion.dwnews.com/big5/news/2011-12-19/58422212.html(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    東森新聞雲(03/05/2012),網路戒嚴時代來臨?NCC拋實名制議題,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120305/29559.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    東森新聞雲(01/10/2013),兒臉書被笑唬爛 63按讚同學也遭家長告誹謗,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130110/150772.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    東森新聞雲(09/04/2013),興大聲明挺教授:台塑干預學術 透過訴訟使公民噤聲,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266132.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    東森新聞雲(09/04/2013),質疑六輕排煙有毒 台塑控莊秉潔教授求償4000萬敗訴,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266105.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    東森新聞雲(10/19/2013),部落客批魚不新鮮 第一猛東石鮮蚵:只歡迎懂海鮮饕客,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20131019/284157.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    數位時代網站(02/01/2007),PTT技術老掉牙75萬網友還是最愛它,http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/4136(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    數位時代網站(09/18/2013),Facebook台灣月活躍用戶達1400萬人 滲透率居亞太區之冠,http://www.bnext.com.tw/article/view/id/29363(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    聯合新聞網(01/10/2013),在臉書被嘲笑 媽媽要告po文及按讚者,http://mag.udn.com/mag/life/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=435128(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    蘋果日報(10/22/2011),員工不滿潮店欠薪 臉書吐怨 路人按讚挨告,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20111022/33757855(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    蘋果日報(12/23/2011),臉書按「讚」挨告 不起訴,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20111223/33908437(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    蘋果日報(01/10/2013),兒遭取笑同學按讚 母怒控64學生誹謗,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20130110/34761465/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    蘋果日報(05/01/2014),不滿PO文轉載 公車司機怒告1000網友,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20140501/390059/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    六、 網路資源
    BabyHome寶貝家庭親子論壇,http://www.babyhome.com.tw/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    Fashion Guide(FG),http://www.fashionguide.com.tw/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    iPeen愛評網,http://www.ipeen.com.tw/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    Mobile01論壇,http://www.mobile01.com/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    veryWed非常婚禮論壇,http://verywed.com/(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    巴哈姆特(07/01/2010),韓國實名產生器,http://home.gamer.com.tw/creationDetail.php?sn=301496(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    中華民國內政部警政署,警政統計通報,http://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/lp?ctNode=11393&CtUnit=1739&BaseDSD=7(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    法務部,100年5月電腦犯罪案件統計分析,http://www.moj.gov.tw/public/Attachment/152018152910.pdf(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    財團法人台灣網路資訊中心(Taiwan Network Information Center, TWNIC),台灣網際網路使用調查,http://www.twnic.net.tw/total/total_01.htm(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    財團法人資訊工業策進會科技法律中心(2003),〈網際網路服務提供者法律責任予相關法制之研究〉,www.ndc.gov.tw/dn.aspx?uid=1968(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    財團法人資訊工業策進會,2012年我國家庭寬頻現況與需求調查-個人篇,http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx?page=many&id=345(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    國立中興大學(09/04/2013),台塑控告莊秉潔案9/4宣判 興大發表聲明肯定判決結果,http://www.nchu.edu.tw/news-detail.php?id=25002(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    資安人(01/11/2010),Facebook創辦人:網路隱私已過時,http://www.informationsecurity.com.tw/article/article_detail.aspx?aid=5550(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    廖元豪(08/10/2012),公私難分的網路言論,http://www.cw.com.tw/blog/blogTopic.action?id=19&nid=2230(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    維基百科,網際網路,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    賴仕涵醫師的部落格,從入選商周百大良醫談如何選擇適合的身心科醫師,http://blog.yam.com/bluetravel/article/21318929(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    環境資訊中心(09/04/2013),台塑告莊秉潔 敗訴,http://e-info.org.tw/node/90199(最後瀏覽日:08/01/2014)。
    貳、 英文文獻
    一、 法院判決
    Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) (Holmes, J., dissenting)
    ACLU v. Reno, 929 F. Supp. 824 (E.D. Pa. 1996) (Dalzell, J., concurring)
    Am. Civ. Liberties Union v. Miller, 977 F. Supp. 1228 (N.D. Ga. 1997)
    Batzel v. Smith, 333 F.3d 1018 (9th Cir. 2003)
    Bland v. Roberts, 857 F.Supp.2d 599 (E.D. Va, 2012)
    Bland v. Roberts, No. 12-1671 (4th Cir. Aug. 6, 2012)
    Bland v. Roberts, 730 F.3d 368 (4th Cir. 2013)
    Brown v. Louisiana, 383 U.S. 131 (1966)
    Carafano v. Metrosplash.com, Inc., 339 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir.2003)
    Chi. Lawyers' Comm. for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc. v. Craigslist, Inc., 461 F.Supp.2d 681 (N.D. Ill, 2006)
    Chi. Lawyers' Comm. for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc. v. Craigslist, Inc., 519 F.3d 666 (7th Cir. 2008)
    City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 U.S. 43 (1994)
    Cubby, Inc. v. CompuServe, Inc., 776 F. Supp. 135 (S.D.N.Y. 1991)
    Dixson v. Newsweek, Inc., 562 F.2d 626 (10th Cir. 1977)
    Doe v. America Online, Inc., 783 So. 2d 1010 (Fla. S. Ct. 2001)
    Doe v. GTE Corp., 347 F.3d 655 (7th Cir. 2003)
    Fair Hous. Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, 2004 WL 3799488 (C.D.Cal. 2004)
    Fair Hous. Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC, 521 F.3d 1157 (9th Cir. 2008)
    Gordon v. Marrone, 590 N.Y.S.2d 649 (1992)
    Gresham v. City of Atlanta, 2011 WL 4601022 (N.D.Ga. Aug. 29, 2011)
    Horizon Group Management, LLC v. Bonnen, No. 2009-L-008675, 2009 WL 2231162 (Ill. Cir. Ct. July 20, 2009)
    J.C. ex rel. R.C. v. Beverly Hills Unified Sch. Dist., 711 F. Supp. 2d 1094 (C.D. Cal. 2010)
    Mattingly v. Milligan, 2011 WL 5184283 (E.D.Ark. Nov. 1, 2011)
    McKee v. Laurion, 825 N.W.2d 725 (2013)
    Meyer v. Grant, 486 U.S. 414 (1988)
    Reit v. Yelp!, Inc., 907 N.Y.S.2d 411 (2010)
    Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844 (1997)
    Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services, Co., 1995 WL 323710 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1995)
    Stoner v. eBay, Inc., 2000 WL 1705637 (Cal. Super. Ct. Nov. 7, 2000)
    Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60 (1960)
    Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)
    Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Cmty. Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503 (1969)
    T.V. ex rel. B.V. v. Smith-Green Cmty. Sch. Corp., 807 F. Supp. 2d 767 (N.D. Ind. 2011)
    Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 2001)
    W. Va. Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943)
    Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997)
    Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 958 F.Supp. 1124 (E.D.Va.,1997)
    Zeran v. America Online, Inc., 524 U.S. 937 (1998)
    二、 外國法律條文
    42 U.S.C.A. § 3604
    Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S.C. § 223
    Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S.C. § 230(a)(3), (b)(4), (c)(1), (c)(2), (f)(2), (f)(3), (e)(1), (e)(2)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 559 (1977)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 559 cmt. b. (1977)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 577(2) (1977)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 578 (1977)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 581(1) (1977)
    Restatement (Second) of Torts § 612(2) (1997)
    U.S. CONST. amend. I.
    三、 專書
    MATTHEW COLLINS, THE LAW OF DEFAMATION AND THE INTERNET (2010)
    TIM BERNERS-LEE, WEAVING THE WEB: THE ORIGINAL DESIGN AND ULTIMATE DESTINY OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB BY ITS INVENTOR (1999)
    ANDREW MURRAY, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW (2010)
    四、 期刊論文
    Badging: Section 230 Immunity in a Web 2.0 World, 123 HARV. L. REV. 981 (2010)
    David S. Ardia, Free Speech Savior or Shield for Scoundrels: an Empirical Study of Intermediary Immunity Under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, 43 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 373 (2010)
    David S. Ardia, Reputation in a Networked World: Revisiting the Social Foundations of Defamation Law, 45 HARV. C.R.-C.L.L. REV. 261 (2010)
    Susan W. Brenner, Should Online Defamation be Criminalized?, 76 MISS. L.J. 705 (2007)
    danah m. boyd & Nicole B. Ellison, Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship, J. COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMM. 13(1), ART. 11 (2007), available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x/full (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Clay Calvert, Fringes of Free Expression: Testing the Meaning of “Speech” Amid Shifting Cultural Mores & Changing Technologies, 22 S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J. 545 (2013)
    Susan P. Crawford, Who's in Charge of Who I Am?: Identity and Law Online, 49 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. 211 (2004-2005)
    Gregory M. Dickinson, An Interpretive Framework for Narrower Immunity Under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, 33 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 863 (2010)
    Paul Ehrlich, Communications Decency Act §230, 17 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 401 (2002)
    Ryan French, Picking up the Pieces: Finding Unity After the Communications Decency Act Section 230 Jurisprudential Clash, 72 La. L. Rev. 443 (2012)
    Leslie Yalof Garfield, The Death of Slander, 35 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 17 (2011)
    Leigh Ellen Gray, Thumb War: the Facebook “Like” Button and Free Speech in the Era of Social Networking, 7 CHARLESTON L. REV. 447 (2013)
    James Grimmelmann, Saving Facebook, 94 IOWA L. REV. 1137 (2009)
    Caitlin Hall, A Regulatory Proposal for Digital Defamation: Conditioning § 230 Safe Harbor on the Provision of a Site “Rating”, 2008 STAN. TECH. L. REV. N1 (2008)
    David R. Johnson & David Post, Law and Borders--the Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 STAN. L. REV. 1367 (1996)
    Sean D. Lee, “I Hate My Doctor”: Reputation, Defamation, and Physician-Review Websites, 23 HEALTH MATRIX 573 (2013)
    Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky, Defamation, Reputation, and the Myth of Community, 71 WASH. L. REV. 1 (1996)
    Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky, Silencing John Doe: Defamation & Discourse in Cyberspace, 49 DUKE L.J. 855 (2000)
    Salil K. Mehra, Post a Message and Go to Jail: Criminalizing Internet Libel in Japan and the United States, 78U. COLO. L. REV. 767 (2007)
    Robert C. Post, The Social Foundations of Defamation Law: Reputation and the Constitution, 74 CAL. L. REV. 691 (1986)
    George W. Pring & Penelope Canan, “Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation” (“SLAPPs”): an Introduction for Bench, Bar and Bystanders, 12 BRIDGEPORT L. REV. 937 (1992)
    Glenn Harlan Reynolds, Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts, 84 WASH. U. L. REV. 1157 (2006)
    Robert D. Richards, A Slapp in the Facebook: Assessing the Impact of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation on Social Networks, Blogs and Consumer Gripe Sites, 21 DEPAUL J. ART, TECH. & INTELL. PROP. L. 221 (2011)
    Ira P. Robbins, What is the Meaning of “Like”?: the First Amendment Implications of Social-Media Expression, 7 FED. CTS. L. REV. 127 (2013)
    Diane Rowland, Griping, Bitching and Speaking Your Mind: Defamation and Free Expression on the Internet, 110 PENN ST. L. REV. 519 (2006)
    Amy Kristin Sanders, Re-Defining Defamation: Psychological Sense of Community in the Age of the Internet, 17 COMM. L. & POL'Y 355 (2012)
    Zachary Shklar, Social Networking and Freedom of Speech: Not “Like” Old Times, 78 Mo. L. Rev. 665 (2013)
    Alicia D. Sklan, @Socialmedia: Speech with a Click of a Button? #Socialsharingbuttons, 32 CARDOZO ARTS & ENT. L.J. 377 (2013)
    Shaun B. Spencer, Cyberslapp Suits and John Doe Subpoenas: Balancing Anonymity and Accountability in Cyberspace, 19 J. MARSHALL J. COMPUTER & INFO. L. 493 (2001)
    五、 報章媒體
    Amanda Bonnen Twitter Suit Thrown Out By Judge: Tweet 'Too Vague', HUFFPOST CHICAGO, Mar. 20, 2010, available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/20/amanda-bonnen-twitter-sui_n_430522.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    “Don't Twibel on Me”: Tweets as Libel Lawsuits, JUSTICIA.COM, April 1, 2011, available at http://onward.justia.com/2011/04/01/dont-twibel-on-me-tweets-as-libel-lawsuits/ (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Mich. House Takes Aim at SLAPP Suits, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS, Aug. 21, 2010, available at http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=53591077 (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    One Minute on Facebook, TIME, available at http://content.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,711054024001_2037229,00.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Our View on Free Speech: Want to Complain Online? Look Out. You Might be Sued, USA TODAY, June 9, 2010, available at http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2010-06-09-editorial09_ST_N.htm (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    South Korea's Real-Name Net Law is Rejected by Court, BBC, Aug. 23, 2012, available at http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19357160 (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Kurt Andersen, Person of the Year 2011: The Protestor, TIME, Dec. 14, 2011, available at http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101745_2102132,00.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Sara Burnett, GOP, Democrats Take Political Scrap Online, THE DENVER POST, May 28, 2012, available at http://www.denverpost.com/politics/ci_20724874/gop- (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Graham Cluley, Data Stolen From 35 Million South Korean Social Networking Users, NAKEDSECURITY, July 28, 2011, available at http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2011/07/28/data-stolen-from-35-million-south-korean-social-networking-users/ (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Choe Sang-Hun, South Korean Court Rejects Online Name Verification Law, THE NEW YORK TIMES, Aug. 23, 2012, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/world/asia/south-korean-court-overturns-online-name-verification-law.html?_r=1& (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Lisa Donovan, Tenant's Twitter Slam Draws Suit, CHICAGO SUN-TIMES, July 28, 2009, available at http://www.lotterypost.com/blogentry/31711 (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Paul Farhi, Washington Post to be Sold to Jeff Bezos, the Founder of Amazon, THE WASHINGTON POST, Aug. 6, 2013, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/washington-post-to-be-sold-to-jeff-bezos/2013/08/05/ca537c9e-fe0c-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Dan Frosch, Venting Online, Consumers Can Find Themselves in Court, THE NEW YORK TIMES, June 1, 2010, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/us/01slapp.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Lev Grossman, You — Yes, You — Are TIME's Person of the Year, TIME, Dec. 25, 2006, available at http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
    Lev Grossman, Person of the Year 2010: Mark Zuckerburg, TIME, Dec. 15, 2010, available at http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2036683_2037183,00.html (last visited Aug. 1, 2014)
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