目的 : 本研究目的為了解年齡和性別對於靜態平衡和步態表現的影響。方法 : 隨機招募半年內無下肢傷害且能獨立行走能力的90位幼兒參與者參與本研究，分別分析年齡 (幼兒組、學前組和兒童組)和性別 ( 男、女 )，共分成6組。透過Zebris足底壓力板 ( Zebris FDM platform ) 以120Hz頻率偵測20秒的睜、閉眼靜態平衡，並且以自覺舒適走路的速度在步道上來回行走3趟。將收集到的數據，透過運算軟體計算20秒的CoP面積和步態時空參數資料，以平均數和標準差表示，並且使用二因子變異數分析比較性別和年齡對於靜態平衡與步態的差異，以Tukey進行事後比較，統計水準設定為α = .05。結果 : 一、年齡對於睜眼和閉眼的CoP晃動面積有顯著差異 ( p < .05 ) 但是在X軸位移和Y軸位移沒有顯著差異 ( p > .05 )；二、年齡對於步態參數有顯著差異 ( p < .05 )，隨著年齡的增長，步長變長、步頻變慢、步速變快、步寬變寬、擺盪期變快、支撐期較久和雙腳支撐期變久。三、性別對於靜態平衡能力都沒有顯著差異 ( p > .05 )，僅對於步態中的步寬有顯著的差異 ( p < .05 )。結論 :中樞神經會隨著年齡的增長而逐漸成熟，並且感覺訊號的整合能力變好使靜態平衡能力也會隨之增強，身體晃動的程度降低，步態也會更加協調和有效率。然而性別在靜態平衡能力沒有顯著的差異，但是可以看出女生的身體晃動比男生小。本研究的數據可以提供臨床評估、治療和訓練使用，因此建議可以在發展的各階段都進行步態檢測，可以看出步態的發展過程是否有異常，避免錯過黃金矯正時期。最後，雖然國外已經有相關研究，但因為有許多因素不同可能會造成數據結果的不同，無法對台灣國內的數據進行解釋，然而國內卻鮮少有相關的研究與數據，建議未來研究可以提高樣本數，並且加入其他運動表現測試，更能全面性的評估評估發展階段在運動能力上的差異。

Purpose: This study aims to understand the effects of age and gender on static balance and gait performance.Methods: Ninety children who had no lower limb injuries within the past six months and could walk independently were randomly recruited for this study. Participants were divided into six groups based on age ( toddler group, preschool group, and child group ) and gender ( male, female ). The Zebris FDM platform was used to detect static balance with eyes open and closed at a frequency of 120Hz for 20 seconds, and the children walked back and forth three times on a walkway at a self-selected comfortable walking speed. The collected data were analyzed to calculate the CoP area over 20 seconds and gait spatiotemporal parameters, expressed as mean and standard deviation. A two-factor ANOVA was used to compare differences in static balance and gait based on gender and age, with post-hoc comparisons conducted using Tukey's test. The statistical significance level was set at α = .05.Results: There were significant differences in CoP sway area with eyes open and closed based on age ( p < .05 ), but no significant differences in X-axis and Y-axis displacements ( p > .05 ).Significant differences were observed in gait parameters based on age ( p < .05 ); as age increased, step length increased, step frequency decreased, speed faster, step width increased, swing phase became faster, stance phase became longer, and double support phase increased.No significant differences were found in static balance abilities based on gender ( p > .05 ), except for a significant difference in step width in gait parameters ( p < .05 ).Conclusion: The central nervous system matures with age, enhancing the ability to integrate sensory signals, thus improving static balance and reducing body sway. Gait becomes more coordinated and efficient with increased step length, slower step frequency, wider step width, faster swing phase, longer stance phase, and increased double support phase. Although there were no significant gender differences in static balance abilities, girls exhibited less body sway than boys. The data from this study can be used for clinical assessment, treatment, and training, suggesting that gait evaluation should be conducted at different developmental stages to detect any abnormalities and avoid missing critical correction periods. While similar studies exist internationally, various factors may cause discrepancies in data, making it challenging to apply international data to Taiwan's population. Therefore, it is recommended to increase sample sizes in future research and include other performance tests to comprehensively evaluate differences in motor abilities at different developmental stages.

余雅婷、周宏室 ( 2014 )。從自律神經觀點探討幼兒動作發展。成大體育學刊，46 ( 1 )，34-48。https：//doi.org/10.6406/JNCKUPER.201404_46 ( 1 ).0003
吳唯平、王令儀(2012)。運動與平衡。政大體育研究，( 21 )，73+75-89。https：//doi-org.nthulib-oc.nthu.edu.tw/10.30411/CTTYYC.201210_ ( 21 ).0006
林寶城、何維華、林愧庭、湯文慈、江勁彥、洪得明 & 蔡虔祿 ( 2008 )。運動生物力學 台中市 : 華格納企業有限公司.
Al-Obaidi, S., Wall, J. C., Al-Yaqoub, A., & Al-Ghanim, M. ( 2003 ). Basic gait parameters: a comparison of reference data for normal subjects 20 to 29 years of age from Kuwait and Scandinavia. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 40 ( 4 ), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2003.07.0361
Bach, M. M., Daffertshofer, A., & Dominici, N. ( 2021 ). The development of mature gait patterns in children during walking and running. European journal of applied physiology, 121 ( 4 ), 1073–1085. https：//doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04592-2
Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D., Cohen, K. E., Smith, J. J., Lubans, D. R., Lenoir, M., Iivonen, S., Miller, A. D., Laukkanen, A., Dudley, D., Lander, N. J., Brown, H., & Morgan, P. J. ( 2016 ). Fundamental Movement Skills： An Important Focus, Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35 ( 3 ), 219-225. Retrieved Jul 15, 2023, from https：//doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2014-0209
Chakravarty, K., Suman, S., Bhowmick, B., Sinha, A., & Das, A. ( 2016, March ). Quantification of balance in single limb stance using kinect. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing ( ICASSP ) ( pp. 854-858 ). IEEE.
Condon, C., & Cremin, K. ( 2014 ) . Static balance norms in children. Physiotherapy Research International, 19 ( 1 ), 1-7.
Conner, B. C., Petersen, D. A., Pigman, J., Tracy, J. B., Johnson, C. L., Manal, K., Miller, F., Modlesky, C. M., & Crenshaw, J. R. ( 2019 ). The cross-sectional relationships between age, standing static balance, and standing dynamic balance reactions in typically developing children. Gait & posture, 73, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.128
Cumberworth, V. L., Patel, N. N., Rogers, W., & Kenyon, G. S. ( 2007 ). The maturation of balance in children. The Journal of laryngology and otology, 121 ( 5 ), 449–454. https：//doi.org/10.1017/S0022215106004051
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., Masalehdan, A., Noll, J., & Boring, A. M. ( 2001 ). Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral cortex ( New York, N.Y. : 1991 ), 11 ( 6 ), 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/11.6.552
García-Liñeira, J., Leirós-Rodríguez, R., Romo-Pérez, V., & García-Soidán, J. L. ( 2021 ). Sex differences in postural control under unstable conditions in schoolchildren with accelerometric assessment. Gait and Posture, 87, 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.04.027
Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., & Gallahue, D. L. ( 2019 ). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Guffey, K., Regier, M., Mancinelli, C., & Pergami, P. ( 2016 ). Gait parameters associated with balance in healthy 2- to 4-year-old children. Gait & posture, 43, 165–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.09.017
Ivanenko, Y., & Gurfinkel, V. S. ( 2018 ). Human Postural Control. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00171
Jiang, G. P., Jiao, X. B., Wu, S. K., Ji, Z. Q., Liu, W. T., Chen, X., & Wang, H. H. ( 2018 ). Balance, Proprioception, and Gross Motor Development of Chinese Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Journal of motor behavior, 50 ( 3 ), 343–352. https：//doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2017.1363694
John, C. T., Seth, A., Schwartz, M. H., & Delp, S. L. ( 2012 ). Contributions of muscles to mediolateral ground reaction force over a range of walking speeds. Journal of biomechanics, 45 ( 14 ), 2438–2443. https：//doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.06.037
Kobayashi, Y., Hobara, H., Heldoorn, T. A., Kouchi, M., & Mochimaru, M. ( 2016 ). Age-independent and age-dependent sex differences in gait pattern determined by principal component analysis. Gait & posture, 46, 11-17.
Kolic, J., O'Brien, K., Bowles, K. A., Iles, R., & Williams, C. M. ( 2020 ). Understanding the impact of age, gender, height and body mass index on children's balance. Acta paediatrica ( Oslo, Norway : 1992 ), 109 ( 1 ), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14933
Krabak, B. J., Tenforde, A. S., Davis, I. S., Fredericson, M., Harrast, M. A., d'Hemecourt, P., Luke, A. C., & Roberts, W. O. ( 2019 ). Youth Distance Running： Strategies for Training and Injury Reduction. Current sports medicine reports, 18 ( 2 ), 53–59. https：//doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000564
Li, R., Liu, M., Zhu, J., Li, R., Zhao, H., & Zhang, L. ( 2022 ). Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 1013171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1013171
Liao, H. F., Mao, P. J., & Hwang, A. W. ( 2001 ). Test-retest reliability of balance tests in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 43 ( 3 ), 180–186.
Loprinzi, P. D., Davis, R. E., & Fu, Y. C. ( 2015 ). Early motor skill competence as a mediator of child and adult physical activity. Preventive medicine reports, 2, 833–838. https：//doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.09.015
Lou, C., Pang, C., Jing, C., Wang, S., He, X., Liu, X., Huang, L., Lin, F., Liu, X., & Wang, H. ( 2018 ). Dynamic Balance Measurement and Quantitative Assessment Using Wearable Plantar-Pressure Insoles in a Pose-Sensed Virtual Environment. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 18 ( 12 ), 4193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124193
Lythgo, N., Wilson, C., & Galea, M. ( 2009 ). Basic gait and symmetry measures for primary school-aged children and young adults whilst walking barefoot and with shoes. Gait & posture, 30 ( 4 ), 502–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.07.119
Mather, G., & Murdoch, L. ( 1994 ). Gender discrimination in biological motion displays based on dynamic cues. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 258 ( 1353 ), 273-279.
Maurer, C., Mergner, T., & Peterka, R. J. ( 2006 ). Multisensory control of human upright stance. Experimental brain research, 171 ( 2 ), 231–250. https：//doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0256-y
Miyagishima, S., Mani, H., Sato, Y., Inoue, T., Asaka, T., & Kozuka, N. ( 2023 ). Developmental changes in straight gait in childhood. PloS one, 18 ( 2 ), e0281037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281037
Müller, J., Müller, S., Baur, H., & Mayer, F. ( 2013 ). Intra-individual gait speed variability in healthy children aged 1-15 years. Gait and Posture, 38 ( 4 ), 631–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.011
Palazzo, F., Nardi, A., Lamouchideli, N., Caronti, A., Alashram, A., Padua, E., & Annino, G. ( 2021 ). The effect of age, sex and a firm-textured surface on postural control. Experimental brain research, 239 ( 7 ), 2181–2191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06063-2
Payne, V. G., & Isaacs, L. D. ( 2017 ). Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge.
Plandowska, M., Lichota, M., & Górniak, K. ( 2019 ). Postural stability of 5-year-old girls and boys with different body heights. PloS one, 14 ( 12 ), e0227119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227119
Sá, C. D. S. C., Boffino, C. C., Ramos, R. T., & Tanaka, C. ( 2018 ). Development of postural control and maturation of sensory systems in children of different ages a cross-sectional study. Brazilian journal of physical therapy, 22 ( 1 ), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.10.006
Samson, M. M., Crowe, A., de Vreede, P. L., Dessens, J. A., Duursma, S. A., & Verhaar, H. J. ( 2001 ). Differences in gait parameters at a preferred walking speed in healthy subjects due to age, height and body weight. Aging ( Milan, Italy ), 13 ( 1 ), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03351489
Sayer, A. A., Syddall, H., Martin, H., Patel, H., Baylis, D., & Cooper, C. ( 2008 ). The developmental origins of sarcopenia. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 12 ( 7 ), 427–432. https：//doi.org/10.1007/BF02982703
Schedler, S., Kiss, R., & Muehlbauer, T. ( 2019 ). Age and sex differences in human balance performance from 6-18 years of age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 14 ( 4 ), e0214434. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214434
Seino, S., Shinkai, S., Fujiwara, Y., Obuchi, S., Yoshida, H., Hirano, H., Kim, H. K., Ishizaki, T., Takahashi, R., & TMIG-LISA Research Group ( 2014 ). Reference values and age and sex differences in physical performance measures for community-dwelling older Japanese: a pooled analysis of six cohort studies. PloS one, 9 ( 6 ), e99487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099487
Smith, A. W., Ulmer, F. F., & Wong, delP. ( 2012 ). Gender differences in postural stability among children. Journal of human kinetics, 33, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0041-5
Steindl, R., Kunz, K., Schrott-Fischer, A., & Scholtz, A. W. ( 2006 ). Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 48 ( 6 ), 477–482. https：//doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206001022
Timmons, B. W., Leblanc, A. G., Carson, V., Connor Gorber, S., Dillman, C., Janssen, I., Kho, M. E., Spence, J. C., Stearns, J. A., & Tremblay, M. S. ( 2012 ). Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years ( aged 0-4 years ). Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 37 ( 4 ), 773–792. https：//doi.org/10.1139/h2012-070
Tremblay, M. S., Leblanc, A. G., Carson, V., Choquette, L., Connor Gorber, S., Dillman, C., Duggan, M., Gordon, M. J., Hicks, A., Janssen, I., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., Leblanc, C., Murumets, K., Okely, A. D., Reilly, J. J., Spence, J. C., Stearns, J. A., Timmons, B. W., & Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology ( 2012 ). Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for the Early Years ( aged 0-4 years ). Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 37(2), 345–369. https：//doi.org/10.1139/h2012-018
Van Dam, M., Hallemans, A., Truijen, S., & Aerts, P. ( 2010 ). A cross-sectional study about the relationship between morphology and step-time parameters in children between 15 and 36 months. Gait & posture, 32 ( 3 ), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.06.020
Verbecque, E., Vereeck, L., & Hallemans, A. ( 2016 ). Postural sway in children: A literature review. Gait & posture, 49, 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.003
Verbecque, E., Vereeck, L., Van de Heyning, P., & Hallemans, A. ( 2017 ). Gait and its components in typically developing preschoolers. Gait & posture, 58, 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.08.012
Voss, S., Joyce, J., Biskis, A., Parulekar, M., Armijo, N., Zampieri, C., Tracy, R., Palmer, A. S., Fefferman, M., Ouyang, B., Liu, Y., Berry-Kravis, E., & O'Keefe, J. A. ( 2020 ). Normative database of spatiotemporal gait parameters using inertial sensors in typically developing children and young adults. Gait & posture, 80, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.05.010