近年來，環保議題、土地與路權不易取得，導致輸電線路的建設日趨困難，使得系統供電可靠度降低。因此，具有增加線路傳輸容量、幫助調度員執行快速矯正動作，及建設工期短的特殊保護系統，設備數量逐漸增加，同時也增加系統運轉上的風險。特殊保護系統的應用又分為發電控制、卸載、高速無效電壓補償及減緩壅塞等。在此，採發電機控制中，發電機跳脫機制為主要矯正動作措施。
本論文主要應用馬可夫模型，進行發電機跳脫特殊保護之可靠度及風險評估，其中包括：(1) 一選一投票跳脫一組機組機制、(2) 三選二投票跳脫一組機組機制、(3) 一選一投票跳脫兩組機組機制。
可靠度分析中，比較一選一投票機制及三選二投票機制可知，使用三選二投票機制的可靠度為0.9787優於1選1投票機制的0.96021；風險評估方面，可清楚了解系統在裝設發電機跳脫機制，與裝設任一種發電機跳脫機制架構相比較，當電廠總發電機量大於警戒值，未裝設發電機跳脫機制的系統風險，將遠大於有裝設的風險，驗證利用備援系統，可有效提高系統可靠度及風險。並以暫態安全評估工具(DSATools)，使用者自定義模型進行建模。以暫態穩定度分析，執行臨界清除時間，暫態穩定度指標(功率搖擺之穩定指標、功率角之穩定指標)，驗證系統加入發電機跳脫機制，可延長系統臨界清除時間、改善暫態穩定度指標，與降低區域機組暫態不穩定。

In recent years, the construction of new transmission lines is
increasingly difficult due to environmental concerns, land acquisition, etc.
As a result, the reliability of the entire power system is not adequate. One
simple way to solve this task is to apply special protection systems to
perform a quick corrective action. Thus, the entire system stability will be
enhanced.
System protection schemes include the generator tripping, load
shedding, high speed reactive voltage compensations and congestion
mitigations. In this thesis, we will focus on Markov model-based risk
assessments for special protection systems using generator rejection
schemes. This includes (1) one out of one rejection for one generator
mechanism, (2) two out of three rejections for one generator mechanism,
and (3) one out of one rejection for two generators mechanism.
Based on transient security assessment tools DSA Tools, a
user-defined model is utilized for model developments first. Then,
transient stabilty assessments are investigated. From extensive simulation
results, we have the following observations:
(1) Regarding reliability analysis, two out of three rejections for one
generator mechanism has 97.87% greater than 96.021% of one out of
one rejection for one generator mechanism.
(2) Regarding risk assessments, the power plant without generator
rejection mechanism is more risky than the power plant with
III
generator rejection mechanism when power output exceeds the
maximum load. Therefore, using redundant systems can effectively
increase system reliability and reduce risk.
(3) The critical clearing time, Angle Margin (AM), and Swing Margin
(AM) can be indeed improved if generator rejection schemes are
applied for emergency control.

[1] L. Wang and F. Howell, “Final Report of Power System Analysis
for Special Protection System (SPS) Study,” Powertech
Labs Inc., November 2003.
[2] L.Wang and F. Howell, “Final Report of Special Protection System
(SPS) Look-Up Table Update And The Associated Training,”
Powertech Labs Inc., February 2007.
[3] B. K. LeReverend, and P. M. Anderson , ”Industry experience with
Special Protection Schemes,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.
11, pp. 1166-1179, 1996.
[4] V. Madani, D. Novosel, S. Horowitz, M. Adamiak, J. Amantegui,
D. Karlsson, S. Imai, A. Apostolov, ”IEEE PSRC Report on Global
Industry Experiences With System Integrity Protection Schemes
(SIPS),” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp.
2143-2155, Oct. 2010.
[5] V. Vittal, J. D. McCalley, V. VanAcker, W. Fu, and N. Abi-Samra,
“Transient instability risk assessment,” IEEE Power Eng. Soc.
Summer Meeting, pp. 206–211, 1999.
[6] V. Vittal, J. D. McCalley, N. Abi-Samra, and S. Zhao, ”Risk
assessment for special protection systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 17, pp. 63-72 , 2002.
[7] Iraj Rahimi Pordanjani, Hossein Askarian Abyaneh, Seyed H.H.
Sadeghi and Kazem Mazlumi, “Risk reduction in special protection
systems by using an online method for transient instability
prediction,” Int. J. of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 32,
pp. 156-162, 2010.
[8] J. D. McCalley, O. Oluwaseyi, V. Krishnan, and R. Dai, “Final
Project Report of System Protection Schemes:Limitations, Risks,
and Management,” PSERC, December 2010.
[9] Y. Ohura, K. Matsuzawa, H. Ohtsuka, N. Nagai, T. Gouda, H.
Oshida, S. Takeda and S. Nishida, “Development of a Generator
Tripping System for Transient Stability Augmentation Based on the
Energy Function Method,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol.
PWRD-1, pp. 68-77, 1986.
[10] Y. J. Wang, C. W. Liu, and Y. H. Liu, “A PMU Based Special
106
Protection Schemes: A Case Study of Taiwan Power System,” Int. J.
of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 27, No.3, pp.225-223,
2005.
[11] T. Y. Hsiao, C. A. Shieh, and C. N. Lu, "Reliability evaluation of a
Taipower system protection scheme," Proceedings of IEEE PES
Power Systems Conference and Exposition, vol. 1, pp.57-162,
2004.
[12] T. Y. Hsiao, and C. N. Lu, “Special Protection System Reliability
Assessment,” Proceedings of IEEE IAS Industry & Commercial
Power Systems Technical Conference (ICPS), Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada, 6-11 May 2007.
[13]蕭純育，「特殊保護系統運轉之機率風險評估及其設計改善」，國立中山大學電機工程學系博士論文，民國97年六月。
[13] 􁑵予也：「予予士􁟈也􀲍􁁮􁙯一􁐒􀱗才􁓀􀺑三一也􀳛才三􀹓「：
􀭯人一一一􁏢􁂝􁐒一􀸳􁏢也􀴱一􁍕人：人􀭯 97 三一6 人：􀀡
[14] Powertech Labs Inc, User-Defined Model Manual of DSATools,
2009.
[15] NERC Planning Standards, North American Electric Reliability
Council, Sep. 1997.[Online]. Available:http://www.nerc.com
[16] CIGRE Task Force 38.02.19 (Convener: D. Karlsson), “System
protection schemes in power networks,” 2001.
[17] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, New York
McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[18]台灣電力公司電力調度處，「101年SPS決策表」，民國100年5月。
[19]台灣電力公司系統規劃處，「輸電系統規劃準則」，民國97年6月。
[20]台灣電力公司系統規劃處，「第七輸變電計畫幹線系統新擴建計畫概要」，民國98年9月。
[21]謝振安，「特殊保護系統之可靠度分析」，國立中山大學電機工程學系碩士論文，民國94年6月。
[22] J. D. McCalley, and W. Fu, ”Reliability of Special Protection
Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 14, pp.1400-1406,
1999.
[23] M. Modarres, M. Kaminskiy, and V. Krivtsov, “Reliability
Engineering and Risk Analysis – A Practical Guide,” New York,
Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999.
107
[24] W. Goble, “Evaluating Control Systems Reliability – Techniques
and Applications,” Instrument Society of America, 1992.
[25] V. VanAcker, J. McCalley, V. Vittal, and J. A. L. Pecas,
“Risk-based transient satbility assessment,” IEEE PowerTech Conf.,
Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 1999.
[26] M. Pavella, D. Ernst, and D. Ruiz-Vega, Transient Stability of
Power Systems – A Unified Approach to Assessment and Control,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[27] I. Rahimi Pordanjani, H. Askarian Abyaneh, S.H.H. Sadeghi, K.
Mazlumi and Y. Gerivani, “Design of a flexible generator rejection
scheme and its risk assessment,” IEEE Power Tech Conf., pp.
1153–1158, 2007.