長期以來，愛沙尼亞的人均二氧化碳排放量均高於同屬波羅的海三國的拉脫維亞和立陶宛，但數據資料顯示自2018年起，愛沙尼亞的人均二氧化碳排放量開始急劇下降，並且朝著其他兩國的水準靠攏。本研究將以波羅的海三國為例，分析愛沙尼亞在2018年前後可能導致此碳排顯著降低之政策調整或技術轉變，並釐清這些政策在短期及長期對國家及地區氣候目標的影響，並從中得出愛沙尼亞可作為其他國家借鏡之環境政策制定模式。本文透過文獻和比較分析法發現愛沙尼亞在能源轉型方面，主要致力於減少油頁岩的使用並大力推動太陽能和風能的發展，並且通過提高建築能源效率和推動公共建築翻修，實現了能源消耗的顯著下降。此外，愛沙尼亞還在交通運輸領域推廣電動車和生質燃料，並參與跨區域氫能項目，進一步降低了交通運輸的碳排放。總結來說，明確的政策導向、有效的資金利用和技術創新是愛沙尼亞實現碳排放顯著減少的關鍵因素。

For a long time, Estonia's per capita carbon dioxide emissions have been higher than those of Latvia and Lithuania, the other two Baltic countries. However, since 2018, Estonia's per capita carbon dioxide emissions have started to decline sharply, approaching to the levels of the other two countries. This study uses these Baltic countries as examples to analyze the policy adjustments or technological changes in Estonia around 2018 that may have led to this significant reduction in carbon emissions. It clarifies the impact of these policies on national and regional climate goals in both the short and long term and draws insights from Estonia's environmental policy formulation that can serve as a model for other countries. Through literature review and comparative analysis, the study finds that Estonia has successfully achieved energy transition by reducing use of oil shale and boosting solar and wind energy development. Additionally, by improving building energy efficiency and promoting the renovation of public buildings, Estonia has reduced energy consumption significantly. Furthermore, Estonia has promoted electric vehicles and biofuels in the transportation sector and participated in cross-regional hydrogen projects. These activities further reduce carbon emissions from transportation sectors. In conclusion, clear policy direction, effective use of funds, and technological innovation are key factors in Estonia's significant reduction in carbon emissions.

林文祥. (2011). 德國提升能源效率策略與應用技術. 綠基會通訊, 100(7), 1-6.

Aleknavičius, A., & Aleknavičius, P. (2015). The change of forest coverage in. Lithuania. Journal of Baltic Surveying, 3, 91-99.

Alev, Ü., Eskola, L., Arumägi, E., Jokisalo, J., Donarelli, A., Siren, K., & Broström, T. (2014). Renovation alternatives to improve energy performance of historic rural houses in the Baltic Sea region. Energy and Buildings, 77, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.03.049

Auer, M. (1998). Environmentalism and Estonia's independence movement. Nationalities Papers, 26(4), 659-676.

BBC Future. (2023). Six ways to lower your carbon emissions quickly. Retrieved. from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230421-what-are-the-best-ways-to-reduce-carbon-footprint

Bobinaitė, V., & Konstantinavičiūtė, I. (2011). Sustainability assessment of renewable energy technologies using multi-criteria analysis: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 555-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.020

Butler, R. A. (2006). A. Forest data: Latvia deforestation rates and related forestry figures. World Rainforests. Retrieved from https://worldrainforests.com/deforestation/forest-information-archive/Latvia.htm

Butler, R. A. (2006). B. Forest data: Lithuania deforestation rates and related forestry figures. World Rainforests. Retrieved from https://worldrainforests.com/deforestation/forest-information-archive/Lithuania.htm

Carbon Brief. (2024). In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve. climate change? Retrieved from https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-does-the-world-need-hydrogen-to-solve-climate-change

Chariot Energy. (n.d.). Renewable energy statistics: 10 surprising facts. Retrieved from https://chariotenergy.com/renewable-energy-statistics/
Chang, M.-C., Hu, J.-L., & Jan, F.-G. (2016). Performance estimation of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for sustainable development in Baltic Sea countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 138, 1370-1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.006

ClimateSmartAdvisors. (n.d.). General Assembly in Latvia: A dynamic gathering of innovation and collaboration. Retrieved from https://climatesmartadvisors.eu/news/general-assembly-in-latvia-a-dynamic-gathering-of-innovation-and-collaboration/

Dechezleprêtre, A., Nachtigall, D., & Venmans, F. (2023). The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance. Energy Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111099

Dixon, R. K., McGowan, E., Onysko, G., & Scheer, R. M. (2010). US energy conservation and efficiency policies: Challenges and opportunities. Energy Policy, 38(5), 6398-6408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.038

Electrive.com. (2024). Hyzon Motors confirms plans for 200 kW FC system for 2024. Retrieved from https://www.electrive.com

European Commission. (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Official Journal of the European Union.

European Commission. (2023). Estonia's 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP 2030). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en

European Commission. (n.d.). Future climate change policy in the Baltic Sea region. Retrieved from https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/event/2013/Background_Riga.pdf

European Environment Agency. (n.d.). Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-mitigation-reducing-emissions

European Environment Agency (2023). Use of auctioning revenues generated under the EU Emissions Trading System. Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/trends-and-projections-in-europe
Euronews. (2023). Baltic Sea wind and a brand new climate law: Here's why Estonia is our green country of the month. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/01/01/baltic-sea-wind-and-a-brand-new-climate-law-heres-why-estonia-is-our-green-country-of-the-month

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (n.d.). Latvian Bioeconomy Strategy 2030. FAOLEX Database. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC185565/

Forest Legality. (n.d.). Indonesia. Retrieved from https://forestlegality.org/risk- tool/country/indonesia

FuelCellsWorks. (2021). An Autonomous Hydrogen-Powered Vehicle to be Launched in Estonia. Retrieved from https://www.fuelcellsworks.com/news/an-autonomous-hydrogen-powered-vehicle-to-be-launched-in-estonia

Geller, H., Harrington, P., Rosenfeld, A. H., Tanishima, S., & Unander, F. (2006). Policies for increasing energy efficiency: Thirty years of experience in OECD countries. Energy Policy, 34(5), 556-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.010

GreenMatch. (n.d.). Biomass energy: Advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved from https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2015/01/biomass-energy-advantages-and-disadvantages

IBM Blog. (n.d.). What is renewable energy? Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/blog/what-is-renewable-energy/

Interreg Baltic Sea Region. (2024a). Hydrogen refueling stations in Latvia. Retrieved from https://www.interreg-baltic.eu

Interreg Baltic Sea Region. (2024b). Lithuania's hydrogen production plant. Retrieved from https://www.interreg-baltic.eu
International Energy Agency. (2023). Estonia 2023 energy policy review. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/estonia-2023

International Energy Agency. (n.d.). Energy efficiency. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-efficiency

Invest in Estonia. (n.d.). BalticSeaH2 project. Retrieved from https://investinestonia.com

Keskkonnaamet. (n.d.). Reforestation. Retrieved from https://keskkonnaamet.ee/en/wildlife-nature-protection/forestry/reforestation

Kliimaministeerium. (2023). Estonia's hydrogen roadmap. Retrieved from https://www.kliimaministeerium.ee

Li, S., & Cheng, J. (2008). Study on the energy efficiency of China and its. determinants. Statistical Research, 25(10), 18-25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336486632_Study_on_the_Energy_Efficiency_of_China_and_its_Determinants

Maženiene, R., & Streimikiene, D. (2018). Promotion of renewable energy in the Baltic States: Policy review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 95, 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.023

Makutėnienė, D., Staugaitis, A. J., Makutėnas, V., Juočiūnienė, D., & Bilan, Y. (2022). An Empirical Investigation into Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agricultural Economic Performance in Baltic Countries: A Non-Linear Framework. Agriculture, 12(9), 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091336

Mellquist, A. C., Pirie, J., Smith, A., Stenning, J., Vanacore, E., & Williander, M. (2017). Decarbonising the Swedish road transport sector. International Journal of Energy Production and Management, 2(3), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.2495/EQ-V2-N3-251-262

Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2023). Environmental Fund Management Agency (BPDLH).

Ministry of the Environment. (2023). Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon (PPCDAm).

OECD. (2022). Lithuania strong on renewables and recycling - must do better on. transport, agriculture and emissions reductions, says OECD. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/lithuania-strong-on-renewables-and-recycling-must-do-better-on-transport-agriculture-and-emissions-reductions-says-oecd.htm

OECD. (2022). OECD Economic Surveys: Estonia 2022. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/21ef46e4-en

OECD iLibrary. (n.d.). Chapter 7. Latvian Agricultural Innovation System. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/714d5aa4-en/index.html?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2F714d5aa4-en

Offshore Energy. (n.d.). Hydrogen production facility in Liepaja. Retrieved from https://www.offshore-energy.biz

OECD. (2023). Estonia's. climate policy: challenges and opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/25d93653-en/index.html?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2F25d93653-en

Oshiro, K., & Fujimori, S. (2024). Mid-century net-zero emissions pathways for Japan: Potential roles of global mitigation scenarios in informing national decarbonization strategies. Energy and Climate Change, 5, 100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120464

Pemedianetwork. (2024). Estonia’s Elcogen to construct solid oxide fuel cell factory. Retrieved from https://www.pemedianetwork.com/news/estonia-elcogen-solid-oxide-fuel-cell-factory

Scoop Solar. (n.d.). The future of electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.scoop.solar/blog/the-future-of-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure

Softeq. (n.d.). Digital twin technology in carbon capture. Retrieved from https://www.softeq.com/blog/digital-twin-technology-in-carbon-capture

SpringerLink. (2024). Progress in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com

Tacconi, L., Rodrigues, R. J., & Maryudi, A. (2019). Law enforcement and deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil. Forest Policy and Economics, 108, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.029

TopElectricSUV. (2024). 13 upcoming hydrogen FCEVs with up to 500 miles of range. Retrieved from https://www.topelectricsuv.com

Union of Concerned Scientists. (n.d.). Benefits of renewable energy use. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/benefits-renewable-energy-use

Walter, A., Dolzan, P., Quilodrán, O., de Oliveira, J. G., da Silva, C., Piacente, F., & Segerstedt, A. (2011). Sustainability assessment of bio-ethanol production in Brazil considering land use change, GHG emissions and socio-economic aspects. Energy Policy, 39(10), 5703-5716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.043

World Bank. (2023). Protecting Forests and Improving Livelihoods in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/04/04/protecting-forests-and-improving-livelihoods-in-indonesia

World Resources Institute. (n.d.). 6 ways to remove carbon pollution from the atmosphere. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/insights/6-ways-remove-carbon-pollution-sky

Zheng, Y., Shan, R., Xu, W., & Qiu, Y. (2024). Effectiveness of carbon dioxide emission target is linked to country ambition and education level. Communications Earth & Environment. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01373-z