簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 黃漢君
Han-Chun Huang
論文名稱: 從構式語法看漢語結果複合動詞
Resultative Verb Compounds in Madarin Chinese: A Constructional Approach
指導教授: 連金發
Chinfa Lien
口試委員:
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所
Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年: 2008
畢業學年度: 96
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 190
中文關鍵詞: 構式語法結果複合動詞論元結構語法功能致使關係
相關次數: 點閱:46下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 典型的漢語結果複合動詞 (resultative verb compound) 是由兩個動詞Vc與Vr結合而成的,用來表示一個致使事件以及一個結果事件。本論文討論漢語結果複合動詞,特別強調動詞論元結構與語法功能之間的複雜關係。
    我們根據及物性、語意歸屬 (semantic host)、以及句法主語是否為Vc邏輯主語等標準,將結果複合動詞構式分成四種類型。這四種類型形成維根斯坦 (Wittgenstein 1953) 所提出的家族類似性 (family resemblance):類型之間互有相同的性質,但所有類型合起來看很難找到共通性。
    類型I包含了一般的賓語傾向 (object-oriented) 結果複合動詞構式。類型II包含了一般的主語傾向 (subject-oriented) 結果複合動詞構式。類型III包含了逆序致使 (inverted causative) 結果複合動詞構式,其主語總是具有起因者 (Causer) 的語意角色。類型IV包含了準被動 (pseudo-passive) 結果複合動詞構式,可視為類型I的不及物型。
    在類型I與類型III中,致使關係直接反映在語法功能上:主語 (不一定為Vc的外部論元) 為起因者 (Causer),賓語 (不一定為Vc的內部論元) 為受因者 (Causee)。相反地,在類型II與類型IV中,主語皆為受因者 (但在類型II中,Vc的邏輯賓語可選擇性出現在句法賓語位置)。
    我們採用構式語法 (Construction Grammar) 的理論,認為漢語結果複合動詞的論元是由結果複合動詞構式 [NP1 Vc-Vr (NP2)] 來得到認可 (license),而非Vc或Vr當中之一,也非Vc與Vr合起來決定。
    我們比較結果複合動詞與分析性致使詞 (analytic causative) 像是「讓」、「使」等,發現後者可以表達直接或間接致使 (causation),但前者僅限於表達直接致使。
    我們也討論漢語複合動詞的一些次構式 (sub-construction),這些次構式無法化約為前述的一般結果複合動詞構式,而必須另外設定。這也支持了構式語法的觀點:構式與構式之間形成繼承關係。
    為了忠實反映語言事實,在適當時機我們會採納Chinese Gigaword語料庫的語料。多樣的語料也能印證理論的適切性。


    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 RESULTATIVE VERB COMPOUNDS VS. RESULTATIVE DE 1 1.2 RESULTATIVE VERB COMPOUNDS IN A WIDER CONTEXT 2 1.2.1 Phase Complements 2 1.2.2 Potential Complements 3 1.2.3 Intensifying complements 3 1.2.4 Directional complements 4 1.3 TYPES OF RVC CONSTRUCTIONS 4 1.3.1 Type I Resultatives 5 1.3.2 Type II Resultatives 6 1.3.3 Type III Resultatives 7 1.3.4 Type IV Resultatives 9 1.4 AIM AND SCOPE 11 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK 12 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13 2.1 THE LEXICAL APPROACH 13 2.1.1 Thompson (1973) 13 2.1.2 Simpson (1983) 15 2.1.3 Li (1990, 1995, 1999) 17 2.1.4 Her (2004, 2007) 19 2.1.5 Critique on the Lexical Approach 22 2.2 THE COMPLEX PREDICATE APPROACH 25 2.2.1 Huang (1988, 1992) 25 2.2.2 Rapoport (1993) 32 2.2.3 Critique on the Complex Predicate Approach 33 2.3 THE VERB CLASS APPROACH 34 2.3.1 Cheng and Huang (1994) 35 2.3.2 Critique on the Verb Class Approach 38 2.4 THE ASPECTUAL APPROACH 44 2.4.1 Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2001) 44 2.4.2 J. Chang (2003) 47 2.4.3 Critique on the Aspectual Approach 49 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 51 3.1 CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR 51 3.1.1 Non-modular 51 3.1.2 Generative 55 3.1.3 Non-derivational and Monostratal 55 3.1.4 Unification-based 56 3.1.5 Full Coverage 58 3.2 INHERITANCE AND MOTIVATIONS 59 3.3 JACKENDOFF’S SEMANTIC STRUCTURES 60 3.4 PROCESSING IN THE PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE 64 3.5 THE CONSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH TO RESULTATIVES 65 3.5.1 Goldberg (1995) 66 3.5.2 Boas (2003) 68 3.5.3 Goldberg and Jackendoff (2004) 70 CHAPTER 4 RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES AND ARGUMENT LINKING 73 4.1 RESULTATIVE ADJUNCT RULES 73 4.2 RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES FOR TYPE I RESULTATIVES 75 4.2.1 Resultative Template Ia 77 4.2.2 Resultative Template Ib 78 4.2.3 Resultative Template Ic 79 4.3 RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES FOR TYPE II RESULTATIVES 80 4.3.1 Resultative Template IIa 82 4.3.2 Resultative Template IIb 83 4.3.3 Resultative Template IIc 84 4.4 RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES FOR TYPE III RESULTATIVES 85 4.4.1 Resultative Template IIIa 87 4.4.2 Resultative Template IIIb 88 4.4.3 Resultative Template IIIc 89 4.5 RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES FOR TYPE IV RESULTATIVES 90 4.5.1 Resultative Template IVa 91 4.5.2 Resultative Template IVb 92 4.5.3 Resultative Template IVc 93 4.6 HOW LEXICAL ITEMS AND RESULTATIVE TEMPLATES ARE UNIFIED 94 4.7 THE GENERAL RESULTATIVE TEMPLATE 100 CHAPTER 5 ALTERNATIONS AND OPERATIONS 107 5.1 ALTERNATIONS IN MANDARIN RVCS 107 5.1.1 Unspecified Object Alternations 107 5.1.2 Transitive-Causative Alternations 111 5.2 OPERATIONS IN MANDARIN RVCS 114 5.2.1 Causativization 114 5.2.2 Deagentivization 117 5.3 CONSTRAINTS ON VERB CLASSES 118 5.3.1 Type I Resultatives 119 5.3.2 Type II and Type III Resultatives 120 5.3.3 Type IV Resultatives 120 5.3.4 Verbs That Cross Four Types 123 5.4 CONSTRAINTS ON REFERENTIALITY 125 CHAPTER 6 RESULTATIVES AND CAUSATION 127 6.1 FORMAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF CAUSATION 127 6.2 DIRECT CAUSATION IN TYPE III RESULTATIVES 131 6.3 SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF CAUSATION 134 6.4 THE HEADEDNESS OF MANDARIN RVCS 137 CHAPTER 7 SUB-CONSTRUCTIONS OF RVCS 143 7.1 CHINESE GIGAWORD 143 7.2 THE V-SI CONSTRUCTION 144 7.3 THE BODY-PART CONSTRUCTION 147 7.3.1 Die-duan 151 7.3.2 Die-po yanjing 152 7.3.3 Xiao-diao daya and Xiao-po dupi 157 7.3.4 Causativization of Type IV Resultatives 158 7.4 SUBJECT-ORIENTED RVCS REVISITED 159 7.4.1 On V-ni 160 7.4.2 On Chi-bao Fan 161 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION 165 8.1 A SUMMARY OF MANDARIN RVC TYPES 165 8.2 A COMPARISON WITH ENGLISH RESULTATIVES 167 8.3 AGENCY AND CAUSATION 171 8.4 THE ROLE OF WORLD KNOWLEDGE 174 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 177 8.6 FURTHER STUDY 177 REFERENCES 179

    Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
    Boas, Hans C. 2003. A Constructional Approach to Resultatives. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
    Boas, Hans C. 2005. Determining the productivity of resultatives: A reply to Goldberg and Jackendoff. Language 81:448-464.
    Bresnan, Joan. 2001. Lexical-Functional Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Burzio, Luigi. 1986. Italian Syntax: A Government-Binding Approach. Dordrecht: Reidel.
    Chang, Claire Hsun-huei. 1991. Thematic structure and verb copying in Mandarin Chinese. Language Sciences 13: 399-419.
    Chang, Jung-hsing. 2003. Event structure and argument linking in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4:317-351.
    Chang, Li-li. 2003. Chuzhishi “jiang” “ba” ju de lishi yanjiu [A Diachronic Study of the Disposal Construction “Jiang” and “Ba”]. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University dissertation.
    Chang, Li-li. 2005. The causativisation of Chinese shi-yi constructions. Humanitas Taiwanica 62: 119-152.
    Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Chen, Ching-Wen. 1990. The Form, Structure and Function of Chinese Complementary Compound Verbs. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University thesis.

    Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen. 1997. Resultative compounds and lexical relational structures. Chinese Languages and Linguistics III: Morphology and Lexicon, ed. by Feng-fu Tsao and Samuel H. Wang, 167-197. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
    Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen. 2007. Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese. The Copy Theory of Movement, ed. by Norbert Corver and Jairo Nunes, 151-174. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen and C.-T. James Huang. 1994. On the argument structure of resultative compounds. In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change, ed. by Matthew Chen and Ovid Tzeng, 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid.
    Cheng, Lisa L.-S., C.-T. James Huang, Y.-H. Audrey Li, and C.-C. Jane Tang. 1999. Hoo, Hoo, Hoo: Syntax of the causative, dative, and passive constructions in Taiwanese. Contemporary Studies on the Min Dialects, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph 14, ed. by Pang-Hsin Ting, 146-203. Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis.
    Cheng, Robert L. 1974. Causative constructions in Taiwanese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2.3: 279-324.
    Cheng, Ying. 1997. A Comparative Study on Word Order of Verb-complement Constructions between Mandarin and Minnan Dialect. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University dissertation.
    Cheng, Ying and Feng-fu Tsao. 1995. Minnanyu ka yongfa zhijian de guanxi [Relations among usages of ka in Southern Min]. Papers from the 1994 Conference on Language Teaching and Linguistics in Taiwan Vol. I: Southern Min, ed. by Feng-fu Tsao and Mei-hui Tsai, 23-45. Taipei: Crane.
    Cheung, Hung-nin Samuel. 1973. A comparative study in Chinese grammar: The BA-construction. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1: 343-382.

    Chierchia, Gennaro. 1998. Reference to kinds across languages. Natural Language Semantics 6: 339-405.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origins, and Use. New York: Praeger.
    Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Comrie, Bernard. 1989. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology (2nd Ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Croft, William. 1990. Possible verbs and the structure of events. Meanings and Prototypes: Studies in Linguistic Categorization, ed. by Savas L. Tsohatzidis, 48-73. London: Routledge.
    Croft, William. 1991. Syntactic Categories and Grammatical Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Cruse, D. A. 1973. Some thoughts on agentivity. Journal of Linguistics 9: 11-23.
    Culicover, Peter W. and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Dixon, R.M.W. 2000. A typology of causatives: Form, syntax and meaning. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, ed. by R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, 30-83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Dixon, R.M.W. and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald. 2000. Introduction. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, ed. by R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, 1-29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67.3: 547-619.
    Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. The case for case. Universals in Linguistic Theory, ed. by Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms, 1-88. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    Fillmore, Charles J., Paul Kay, and Mary Catherine O’Connor. 1988. Regularity and idiomaticity in grammatical constructions: The case of let alone. Language 64.3: 501-538.
    Fodor, Jerry A. 1970. Three reasons for not deriving ‘kill’ from ‘cause to die’. Linguistic Inquiry 1: 429-438.
    Gao, Qian. 1997. Resultative verb compounds and BA-construction in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.1: 84-130.
    Gao, Qian. 2003. Argument structure and RVCs in Chinese: Diachronic implications. Proceedings of NACCL-14, ed. by University of Southern California, 108-125. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
    Gazdar, Gerald, Ewan H. Klein, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Ivan A. Sag. 1985. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell, and Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Goldberg, Adele. E. 2001. Patient arguments of causative verbs can be omitted: The role of information structure in argument distribution. Language Sciences 23:503-524.

    Goldberg, Adele E. 2003. Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:219-224.
    Goldberg, Adele E. and Ray Jackendoff. 2004. The English resultative as a family of constructions. Language 80:532-568.
    Goldberg, Adele E. and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. The end result(ative). Language 81:474-477.
    Gu, Yang. 1992. The Syntax of Resultative and Causative Compounds in Chinese. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University dissertation.
    Gu, Yang. 2003. On the syntactic projection of causatives: Resultative compound predicates revisited. Chinese Syntax and Semantics, ed. by Jie Xu, Donghong Ji and Kim Teng Lua, 27-62. Singapore: Prentice Hall.
    Her, One-Soon. 2004. Argument-function linking in resultatives. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 30:1-34.
    Her, One-Soon. 2007. Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua 117:221-246.
    Hoekstra, Teun. 1988. Small clause results. Lingua 74: 101-139.
    Hsieh, Miao-Ling. 1992. Analogy as a type of interaction: The case of verb copying. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 28.3: 75-92.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure. Language 64.2: 274-311.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 1992. Complex predicates in control. Control and Grammar, ed. by R. Larson, Utpal Lahiri, Sabine Iatridou, and J. Higginbotham, 109-147. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Huang, C.-T. James. 1999. Chinese passives in comparative perspective. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies New Series 29.4: 423-509.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 2006. Resultative and unaccusatives: A parametric view. Chuugoku Gogaku 253: 1-43.
    Huang, C.-T. James. 2007. Hanyu dongci de tiyuan jiegou yu qi jufa biaoxian [Thematic structures of verbs in Chinese and their syntactic projections]. Yuyan Kexue 6.4: 3-21.
    Huang, Chu-Ren and Fu-Wen Lin. 1992. Composite event structures and complex predicates: A template-based approach to argument selection. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meetings of the Formal Linguistic Society of Mid-America, 90-108. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    Huang, Shuan-fan. 1974. Mandarin causatives. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2.3: 354-369.
    Jackendoff, Ray 1976. Toward an explanatory semantic representation. Linguistic Inquiry 7.1: 89–150.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1983. Semantics and Cognition. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1987. The status of thematic relations in linguistic theory. Linguistic Inquiry 18: 369-411.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1990. Semantic Structures. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1997a. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 1997b. Twistin' the night away. Language 73:534-559.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 2002. Foundations of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Jackendoff, Ray. 2007a. A Parallel Architecture perspective on language processing. Brain Research 1146:2-22.

    Jackendoff, Ray. 2007b. Language, Consciousness, Culture: Essays on Mental Structure. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Kay, Paul. 1995. Construction grammar. Handbook of Pragmatics: Manual, ed. by Jef Verschueren, Jan-Ola Östman and Jan Blommaert, 171-177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Kay, Paul and Charles J. Fillmore. 1999. Grammatical constructions and linguistic generalizations: The What’s X doing Y? construction. Language 75.1: 1-33.
    Lai, Huei-ling. 2001. On Hakka BUN: A case of polygrammaticalization. Language and Linguistics 2.2: 137-153.
    Lai, Huei-ling. 2003a. Hakka LAU constructions: A constructional approach. Language and Linguistics 4.2: 357-378.
    Lai, Huei-ling. 2003b. The semantic extension of Hakka LAU. Language and Linguistics 4.3: 533-561.
    Levin, Beth. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Levin, Beth and Malka Rappaport Hovav. 2005. Argument Realization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1976. Development of the causative in Mandarin Chinese: Interaction of diachronic processes in syntax. Syntax and Semantics 6: The Grammar of Causative Constructions, ed. by Masayoshi Shibatani, 477-492. New York: Academic Press.

    Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Li, Dianyu. 2003. Causative and Resultative Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A Multiperspectival Approach. Göteborg: Göteborg University dissertation.
    Li, Yafei. 1990. On V-V compounds in Chinese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8:177-207.
    Li, Yafei. 1995. The thematic hierarchy and causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 13:255-282.
    Li, Yafei. 1999. Cross-componential causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17:445-497.
    Lien, Chinfa. 1999. A typological study of causatives in Taiwanese Southern Min. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies New Series 29.4: 395-422.
    Lin, Fu-Wen. 1990. The Verb-Complement (V-R) Compounds in Mandarin. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University thesis.
    Lin, Jimmy. 2004. Event Structure and the Encoding of Arguments: The Syntax of the Mandarin and English Verb Phrase. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
    Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah. 2001. Light Verb Syntax and the Theory of Phrase Structure. Irvine: University of California, Irvine dissertation.
    Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah. 2002. A transformationalist approach to the rise of RVCs in Chinese. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies New Series 32.2: 211-256.
    Liu, Cheng-hui. 2002. Hanyu Dongbu Jiegou Lishi Fazhan [The Historical Development of Chinese Verb-Complement Constructions]. Taipei: Hanlu.
    Liu, Feng-hsi. 1997. An aspectual analysis of BA. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6: 51–99.

    Liu, Mei-chun. 1997. Conceptual basis and categorial structure: A study of Mandarin V-R compounds as a radical category. Chinese Languages and Linguistics IV: Typological Studies of Languages in China, 425-451. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
    Lü, Shu-Mei. 2002. Resultatives in Mandarin Chinese and English: A Construction Grammar Approach. Chiayi: National Chung Cheng University thesis.
    Lü, Shuxiang. 1986. Hanyu jufa de linghuo xing [Flexibility in Chinese syntax]. Zhongguo Yuwen 190: 1-9.
    Lyons, John. 1968. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Michaelis, Laura and Knud Lambrecht. 1996. Toward a construction-based theory of language function: The case of nominal extraposition. Language 72: 215-247.
    Mochizuki, Keiko. 2004. Causative and Inchoative Alternation: Comparative Studies on Verbs in Chinese and Japanese. Hsinchu: National Tsing Hua University dissertation.
    Onozuka, Hiromi. 2007. Remarks on causative verbs and object deletion in English. Language Sciences 29:538-553.
    Partee, Barbara H., Alice ter Meulen, and Robert E. Wall. 1990. Mathematical Methods in Linguistics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Perlmutter, David M. 1978. Impersonal passives and the Unaccusative Hypothesis. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 157-189. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    Pollard, Carl and Ivan A. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Rapoport, Tova R. 1993. Stage and adjunct predicates: Licensing and structure in secondary predication constructions. Knowledge and Language Volume II: Lexical and Conceptual Structure, ed. by Eric Reuland and Werner Abraham, 157-182. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 1998. Building verb meanings. The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors, ed. by Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, 97-134. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
    Rappaport Hovav, Malka and Beth Levin. 2001. An event structure account of English resultatives. Language 77:766-797.
    Shen, Li. 1992. Guanyu hanyu jieguo fuhe dongci zhong canxiang jiegou de wenti [On the argument structure of resultative compounds in Chinese], Ms., Kyoto University.
    Shen, Li. 1993. Guanyu hanyu jieguo fuhe dongci zhong canxiang jiegou de wenti [On the argument structure of resultative compounds in Chinese]. Yuwen Yanjiu 8: 12-21.
    Shi, Yuzhi. 2002. The Establishment of Modern Chinese Grammar: The Formation of the Resultative Construction and Its Effects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1972. Three reasons for not deriving ‘kill’ from ‘cause to die’ in Japanese. Syntax and Semantics Vol. 1, ed. by J. Kimball, 125-137. New York: Academic Press.
    Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1976. The grammar of causative constructions: A conspectus. In Syntax and Semantics: The Grammar of Causative Constructions, ed. by Masayoshi Shibatani, 1-40. New York: Academic Press.
    Shibatani, Masayoshi. 1990. The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Shieber, Stuart M. 1986. An Introduction to Unification-based Approaches to Grammar. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
    Simpson, Jane. 1983. Resultatives. Papers in Lexical-Functional Grammar, ed. by Lori Levin, Malka Rappaport and Annie Zaenen, 143-158. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
    Sun, Chaofen. 1997. Ambiguity in context-induced semantic changes: The history of the Chinese BA construction. Studies on the History of Chinese Syntax, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph 10, ed. by Chaofen Sun, 225-256. Berkeley: Project on Linguistic Analysis.
    Sweetser, Eve. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Sybesma, Rint and Yang Shen. 2006. Jieguo buyu xiaoju fenxi he xiaoju de neibu jiegou [Small clause results and the internal structure of the small clause]. Journal of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology 20.4: 40-46.
    Tai, James H-Y. 1999. Verb-copying in Chinese revisited. Chinese Languages and Linguistics V: Interactions in Language, 97-119. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
    Talmy, Leonard. 2000. Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Volume I: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
    Tang, Ting-chi. 2002. The causative-inchoative alternation in Chinese compound verbs. Language and Linguistics 3:615-644.
    Teng, Shou-hsin. 1989. The semantics of causatives in Chinese. Functionalism and Chinese Grammar, ed. by James H-Y. Tai and Frank F. S. Hsueh, 227-243. South Orange, NJ: Chinese Language Teachers Association.

    Thompson, Sandra Annear. 1973. Resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A case for lexical rules. Language 49:361-379.
    Tsao, Feng-fu. 1987. A topic-comment approach to the ba construction. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 15: 1-55.
    Tsao, Feng-fu. 2005. Taiwan minnanyu de ka yu binyu de qianzhi [Ka in Taiwanese Southern Min and the preposing of objects]. Hanyu Xuebao 9: 21-30.
    Vendler, Zeno. 1984. Agency and causation. Causation and Causal Theories, ed. by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, 371-384. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
    Washio, Ryuichi. 1997. Resultatives, compositionality and language variation. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6.1: 1-49.
    Wechsler, Stephen. 1997. Resultative predicates and control. In Texas Linguistic Forum 38: The Syntax and Semantics of Predication, ed. by R. Blight and M. Moosally, 307-321. Austin: Department of Linguistics, University of Texas.
    Wechsler, Stephen. 2005. Weighing in on scales: A reply to Goldberg and Jackendoff. Language 81:465-473.
    Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. trans. by G.E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Zhang, Bin. 1991. Serial Verb Constructions or Verb Compounds? A Prototype Approach to Resultative Verb Constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Muncie, IN: Ball State University dissertation.
    Zou, Ke. 1993. The syntax of the Chinese BA construction. Linguistics 31.7: 15-36.

    無法下載圖示 全文公開日期 本全文未授權公開 (校內網路)
    全文公開日期 本全文未授權公開 (校外網路)

    QR CODE