時間是什麼？呂格爾認為當著重在如何以我們對客觀世界的知識構成時間模型時，我們忽略了我們對時間經驗的感受，這種感受與客觀世界的時間流逝或許不同步，但是我們確確實實是依據這種對時間經驗的感受來構成對客觀世界之時間的知識，因此對時間的內在經驗是不容忽視的。
此篇論文把焦點放在奧古斯丁的時間理論上，因為當他以「心靈的延伸」（distentio animi）來定義時間時，這個在古拉丁字源裡也同時意涵著「心靈的分裂」的詞也同時把時間對比於永恆，進而凸顯了人期待著上帝救贖的分裂。呂格爾由這個時間與永恆之間的對比把對時間的知識問題轉為對人統整意義的探尋，此文就要闡明這個思路轉換的環節。

時間問題如何轉化為對統整自我的探尋？奧古斯丁期待上帝的永恆所呈現的思想，以及海德格面對著人生必定的死亡所開展的學說，如何在我們對時間問題進一步反省時有助於思維我們自己的人生？依呂格爾的觀點，此二者的反省確實啟導了我們對人生統整意義的探尋，但是他們卻不重視如何把這統整意義呈現出來的方式，因此呂格爾特別強調敘事性與時間性的交織作用。所以，最後此文將討論如何在敘事的詩學中，使得敘事可以合理地再現對統整自我之意義的探尋。

【壹】 主要參考書目
Aristotle,
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Augustine,
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Callahan, John F.
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Fodor, James
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Heidegger, Martin
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Husserl, Edmund
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Jervolino, Domenico
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McInerney, Peter K.
-1991 Time and Experience, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Reagan, Charles E.
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Ricœur, Paul
-1981 Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Essays on Language, Action, and Interpretation. Trans. John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-1983 Temps et Récit 1, Paris : Éditions du Seuil
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-1984 Time and Narrative volume 1, by Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer (trans.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
-1985 Time and Narrative volume 2, by Kathleen McLaughlin and David Pellauer (trans.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
-1988 Time and Narrative volume 3, by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer (trans.), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
-1991 A Ricoeur Reader: Reflection and Imagination. by Mario J. Valdés (ed.), New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
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Vanhoozer, Kevin J.
-1990 Biblical Narrative in the Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur: A study in hermeneutics and theology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
【貳】 主要參考文章
Atkins, Kim
‘Ricoeur’s “Human Time” as a response to the problem of closure in Heideggerian temporality’, Philosophy Today, Summer 2000
Hoffman, Pitor
-1993 ‘Death, time, history : Division II of Being and Time’, in Charles B. Guignon (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195-214.
Pucci, Edi
‘Review of Paul Ricoeur’s Oneself as Another: personal identity, narrative identity and “selfhood” in the thought of Paul Ricoeur ’, Philosophy & Social Criticism , No.2, Vol.18, edited by David M. Rasmussen.
Protevi, John
-spring 1999 ‘Inventio and the unsurpassable metaphor: Ricoeur’s treatment of Augustine’s time meditation’
Ricœur, Paul
-1970 ‘What is a text?’, HHS(1981), pp.145-164. Originally as ‘Qu’est-ce qu’un texte? Expliquer et comprendre’ in Hermeneutik und Dialektik, vol. 2, edited by Rüdiger Bubner et al. Tübingen : J. C. B. Mohr, 1970, pp.181-200.
-1979 ‘The Narrative Function’, HHS(1981), pp.274-96.
-1979 ‘The Human Experience of Time and Narrative’, Reader(1991), pp.99-116.
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-1980 ‘Mimesis and Representation’, by David Pellauer (trans.), Reader (1991). pp.137-55.
-1983 ‘On Interpretation’, by Kathleen Blamey (trans.), FTA(1991), pp.1-20.
-1984 ‘Narrated Time’, by Robert Sweeney (trans.), Reader(1991), pp.338-54.
-1988 ‘Narrative Identity’, from On Paul Ricœur: Narrative and Interpretation (1991)
-1991 ‘Life in Quest of Narrative’, On Paul Ricœur: Narrative and Interpretation, pp.20-33
【參】 次要參考書目
Clark, S. H.
-1990 Paul Ricoeur, London: Routledge.
DiCenso, James
-1990 Hermeneutics and the Disclosure of Truth: A study in the work of Heidegger, Gadamer, and Ricoeur, University Press of Virginia
Greimas, Algirdas Julien
Narrative Semiotics and Cognitive Discourses
Hahn, Lewis Edwin
-1995 The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXII: The Philosophy of Paul Ricœur, ed. Lewis Edwin Hahn, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.
Kearney, Richard
-1984 Dialogues with Contemporary Continental Thinkers: The phenomenological heritage, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Kockelmans, Joseph J.
-1989 Heidegger’s “Being and Time”, Washington: Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology & University Press of America.
McInerney, peter K.
-1991 Time and Experience, Temple University Press, Philadelphia
Mitchell, W. J. T.
-1981 On Narrative, ed. W. J. T Mitchell, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Mink, Louis O.
-1987 Historical Understanding, ed. Brian Fay, Eugene O. Golob, and Richard T. Vann, New York: Cornell University.
Mulhall, Stephen
-1996 Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Heidegger and Being and Time, New York: Routledge.
Ricœur, Paul
-1965 History and Truth, by Charles A. Kelbley (trans.), Evaston: Northwestern Universoty Press.
-1991 From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics, II, Evanston: Northwestern University Press. First published in French as Du texte a l’action: Essais d’hermeneutique, II. Paris : Éditions du Seuil, 1986.
-1992 Oneself as Another, trans. Kathleen Blamey, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
-1998 Critique and Conviction: Conversations with François Azouvi and Marc de Launay, trans. Kathleen Blamey, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Vanhoozer, Kevin J.
-1990 Biblical Narrative in the Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Wood, David
-1991 On Paul Ricœur: Narrative and Interpretation, ed. David Wood, London: Routledge
Turetzky, Philip
-1998 Time, Routledge, London
【肆】 次要參考文章
Miguel de Beistegui
‘The time of a repetition’ Philosophy Today Fall 1999
Barthes, Roland
‘Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives’, A Barthes Reader, edited by Susan Sontag
Curtis M. Hutt
‘Husserl: perception and ideality of time’ Philosophy Today Winter 1999
Muldoon, Mark
‘Time, Self, and Meaning in the Works of Henri Bergson, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Paul Ricoeur’, Philosophy Today, Vol.35:3, Fall 1991, Published by DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois
Pambrun, James R.
‘Ricoeur, Lonergan, and the Intelligibility of Cosmic Time’, Vol.54, No.3, July 1990, The Thomist, the Thomist Press.
Vessey, David
‘The Polysemy of Otherness: On Ricoeur’s Oneself as Another’, http://www.beloit.edu/~philorel/DVRicoeur.html
【伍】中文參考著作
姚一葦，《詩學箋註》，亞里斯多德著，台灣中華書局股份有限公司出版，中華民國82年8月十版三刷。
浦安迪，《中國敘事學》，北京大學出版社，1996年3月，北京
吳國盛，《時間的觀念》，中國社會科學出版社，1996年12月，北京
張竹明、蔣平翻譯，《工作與時日》，Hesiod著，台北：台灣商務印書館，民國八十八年。