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研究生： 陳米蓁
Nithipradistgul, Kulwadee
論文名稱： 泰國發展垃圾發電的成功之道： 向瑞典垃圾焚化產業取經暨台灣城市垃圾管理的個案研究
The road of Thailand to success in MSW-to-Energy industry: the lesson learned from Sweden incineration industry with the case study of MSW management in Taiwan
指導教授： 李傳楷
Lee, Chuan-kai
口試委員: 陳寶蓮
Chen, Pao-Lien
許裴舫
Hsu, Pei-fang
蔡林彤飛
Tsailin, Tung-fei
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 科技管理學院 - 國際專業管理碩士班
International Master of Business Administration(IMBA)
論文出版年： 2017
畢業學年度： 105
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 85
中文關鍵詞： 垃圾發電 、垃圾焚化產業取經暨 、城市垃圾管理 、能源回收 、垃圾填埋場 、焚化 、垃圾管理 、瑞典 、泰國 、台灣
外文關鍵詞： WTE (Waste to Energy), MSW-To-Energy, MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management, energy recovery, landfill, incineration, waste management, Sweden, Thailand, Taiwan
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    Abstract
    Nowadays waste generation tends to increase year by year because the world population had been consistently increase. To lessen dependency to landfill, incineration process, one of Municipality Solid Waste (MSW) to Energy process, had been promoted by governments in developing countries including Thailand.
    The main objective of this research is to make a recommendation to Thailand MSW to energy market how to repeat Sweden Waste-to-Energy (WTE) or energy recovery industry and Taiwan household waste management success. PESTLE analysis will be applied to analyze external factor affecting Thailand and Sweden MSW-To-Energy industry and one-by-one open-ended interview will support the case study of Taiwanese household waste management. This research will cover only incineration or WTE process which can generate thermal energy and electricity to household by using MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) as raw material. Theoretically, incineration process is one term in WTE process which covers various technologies such as incineration, gasification, landfill gas recovery, anaerobic digestion, and RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) technology.
    One of the countries has been professional in waste management since the last decade is Sweden. Various kinds of MSW-to-Energy plant are located in Sweden in order to reduce large amount of MSW together with generate heat and electricity. Similarly, incineration was promoted as suitable technology in Thailand. However, Thailand still need support on WTE including financial support and experienced engineers and is still lack of household waste management culture creating low grade waste including low calorific value and high water content waste. Instead of landfilling, this research reinforces to bring non-recyclable waste to incinerate in order to produce heat or energy.
    To lessen the waste drop at landfill, create high specification non-recyclable waste incineration feedstock, and strengthen waste management process, the case of Taiwan household waste management will be introduced. By using open-ended interview with Taiwanese and foreigners living in Taiwan, this research will uncover the secret how Taiwan successfully keep in charge with their household waste process including collecting, sorting, reusing and recycling by government, household, and organization perspective.
    As the impact from Sweden energy recovery industry, this research will recommend Thai government to provide financial support and experience staff in WTE industry and also distribute the scientific information to the local people. The researcher can R&D in the new related technologies including incineration itself and gas treatment technology. The long term plan to use waste as renewable energy is really significant. The high tax rate can be imposed on landfill to attract incineration industry and reduce the landfill pollution. Besides, Thailand can continuously follow Taiwan waste management strategy by starting from the basic step in household, community level. And then government should reinforce in waste management campaign and strictly fine person who intentionally throw waste.
    Keywords (English): WTE (Waste to Energy), MSW-To-Energy, MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) management, energy recovery, landfill, incineration, waste management, Sweden, Thailand, Taiwan
    Keywords (Chinese): 垃圾發電, 垃圾焚化產業取經暨, 城市垃圾管理, 能源回收, 垃圾填埋場, 焚化, 垃圾管理, 瑞典, 泰國, 台灣

    Tables of Content Abstract i Acknowledgement iii Tables of Content iv List of Figures xii List of Tables xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 SECTION I.I: THAILAND WASTE TO ENERGY INDUSTRY 3 1.1.1 Introduction to landfill in Thailand 3 1.1.2 Introduction to Thailand MSW-to-energy industry 3 1.1.2.1 Incineration Capacity in Thailand 4 1.1.2.2 Incineration plan in Thailand 4 1.1.2.3 Incineration technology for MSW in Thailand 4 1.1.2.4 Gas emission from incineration process 4 CHAPTER II: LITERATUR REVIEW 6 SECTION II.I: SWEDEN WASTE TO ENERGY INDUSTRY 6 2.2.1 Introduction of Sweden incineration industry 6 2.2.2 Waste Generation in Sweden 7 2.2.3 History of incineration in Sweden 8 2.2.4 Gas Emission from Incineration Industry in Sweden 8 2.2.5 Landfill tax and bans in 2016 9 2.2.5.1 Landfill tax 9 2.2.5.2 Ban on landfill 9 2.2.6 Zero Waste 9 2.2.7 Case: Sweden imports waste from Norway 10 SECTION II.II: INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 12 2.2.1 Advantages of Incineration Technology 12 2.2.2 Disadvantages of Incineration Technology 13 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 14 3.1 PESTLE Analysis 14 PESTLE Analysis Process 14 PESTLE Factors 15 1) Political Factors 15 2) Economic Factors 15 3) Social Factors 15 4) Technological Factors 16 5) Legal Factors 16 6) Environmental Factors 16 3.2 Interview Methodology 16 3.2.1 Identify the topic, scope and target group 17 3.2.2 Squeeze the open-ended questions 18 3.2.2.1 Open ended questions 18 3.2.2.2 Sequence the questions 18 3.2.3 Select correspondents matching your scope 19 3.2.4 Pilot testing 19 3.2.5 Interview and record their voice 19 3.2.5.1 Preparation stage for interview 20 3.2.5.2 During interviewing 20 3.2.5.3 Immediate after interview 20 3.2.6 Transcribe the interview into dialogue 21 3.2.7 Data extraction and analysis 21 3.2.8 Choose the interview quotation to support the thesis 21 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS 23 SECTION IV.I: PESTLE ANALYSIS OF THAILAND WASTE TO ENERGY INDUSTRY 23 4.1.1 Political 23 4.1.1.1 Government agencies support incineration projects and their environmental issues 23 4.1.1.2 Policy: using renewable energy instead of Natural gas to generate power 24 Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint (TIEB 2015) 2015-2036 24 a) Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015-2036 24 b) Power Development Plan (PDP) 2015-2036 25 4.1.1.3 3R Strategy 26 4.1.1.4 Contradictories between different Ministries 26 4.1.2 Economics 27 4.1.2.1 Economic growth can create more waste fed incineration industry 27 4.1.2.2 Economic uncertainty of landfill makes incineration more attractive 28 4.1.2.3 Unstable fossil fuel price can make waste more engaging to be raw material in electricity generation 28 4.1.2.4 Incineration process can make highest economical profit among other waste management methods 29 4.1.2.5 In Thailand, incineration requires high initial investment cost but it is attractive in return of investment 29 4.1.3 Social 29 4.1.3.1 Local people participation in MSW management 30 4.1.3.2 Community participation in MSW management 30 a) Garbage for Eggs Project in Klong Toey area, Bangkok 30 b) Decrease in waste generation in Bangkok Area 31 c) Waste Bank Project 31 4.1.3.3 Private company participation in MSW management 31 4.1.3.4 Government participation in MSW management 31 4.1.3.5 Behaviors, attitudes, and believes of citizens can influence the waste management practice ………………………………………………………………………………………31 4.1.3.6 Lack of MSW management in practice by citizen, even government launched household waste management campaigns can influence incineration industry 32 a) Government are good at launching waste reduction campaigns 32 b) Low enforcement in practice from government on waste segregation program 33 c) Thailand citizen are still lack of public awareness 33 4.1.3.7 The more increase in Thai population, the more waste is created 34 4.1.3.8 Strategies for distribution of information 36 4.1.3.9 Case: Tourism-related activity affects incineration industry in Thailand 36 4.1.4 Technological 37 4.1.4.1 Incineration plant in Thailand 37 4.1.4.2 Basic process of incineration plant 38 4.1.4.3 Advantages of incineration industry in Thailand 38 4.1.4.4 Incineration should be installed with high technology gas treating unit 38 4.1.4.5 RDF technology can improve quality of incineration feedstock 38 4.1.5 Legal 39 4.1.5.1 Incineration related laws in Thailand 39 a) Emission Standards for Municipal Waste Incinerators 39 b) Emission Standard for Hazardous Waste Incinerators 42 c) Emission standard for infected Waste Incinerators 43 4.1.6 Environmental 44 4.1.6.1 The incineration industry can create harmful gas emission, so the government try to control exhausted gas by enacting the law 44 4.1.6.2 Pollution from landfills creates opportunity for incineration industry to eliminate waste ………………………………………………………………………………………44 SECTION IV.II: PESTLE ANALYSIS OF SWEDEN WASTE TO ENERGY INDUSTRY 46 4.2.1 Political 46 4.2.1.1 Support from government agencies in incineration projects and environmental- related issues 46 4.2.1.2 Sweden waste management plans 47 4.2.1.3 EU Directives 48 4.2.1.4 High Carbon tax rate of fossil fuel creates an opportunity for incineration industry 48 4.2.1.5 Landfill tax and bans create an opportunity for incineration industry 49 4.2.1.6 Waste-to-Energy is included in the Solid Waste Management Hierarchy 50 4.2.2 Economics 50 4.2.2.1 Incineration process can generate the highest economical profit among other waste management methods 51 4.2.2.2 Instable fossil fuel price and deficient in cheap domestic source of energy can create opportunity for waste to generate electricity 51 4.2.2.3 High price of electricity in Sweden can create opportunity for incineration industry to gain higher profit 52 4.2.2.4 Transfer waste within EU members can increase amount of waste in Sweden waste-to-energy industry 53 4.2.3 Social 54 4.2.3.1 The more increase in Swedish population, the more waste is created 55 4.2.3.2 Culture, attitudes and behaviors of local people 56 4.2.3.3 Public awareness 56 4.2.3.4 Information distribution strategies 57 4.2.3.5 Activities promoting the right way to manage waste 58 a) Making Money from Waste Program 58 b) Waste to Energy and Recycling camp 59 4.2.4 Technological 59 4.2.4.1 Recycle machine for beverage containers 59 4.2.4.2 Sweden district heating network 59 4.2.5 Legal 60 4.2.5.1 Incineration related laws in Sweden 61 4.2.5.2 EU Directives 61 4.2.5.3 Emission standard 61 4.2.5.4 Carbon tax 63 4.2.5.5 Landfill tax and bans 63 4.2.5.6 Legislations support shifting waste from landfill to incineration 63 4.2.6 Environmental 63 4.2.6.1 Organization volunteering in Zero Waste 64 4.2.6.2 The acceptance of incineration environmental standard 64 4.2.6.3 Case: Decrease in Dioxin emission from incineration plant 65 4.2.6.4 Landfill Pollutants especially Dioxin 66 SECTION IV.III: TAIWAN HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT 68 4.3.1 Services providing by government and apartment administration 68 4.3.2 Household waste segregation 68 4.3.3 Less trash cans in local area 69 4.3.4 Consequences from less trash cans in local area 69 4.3.5 Less trash cans, but more awareness 69 4.3.6 Household waste collecting fee and procedure 70 4.3.7 Waste collecting services provide by public sectors 70 4.3.8 How to solve an inadequate trash cans issue? 71 4.3.8.1 Trash car 71 a) Specific time to meet trash car 71 b) Trash car operator rejects unsorted waste 72 c) Be aware of not sorting garbage 72 d) CCTV is watching you! 72 e) Satisfaction in trash car service 72 4.3.8.2 Elder scraps collector 73 4.3.8.3 Return clothing boxes 73 4.3.9 Good example of Taiwanese household waste management 73 4.3.9.1 Waste in Education oriented 73 4.3.9.2 Show initiative of using ecofriendly material such as recycled paper 73 4.3.9.3 Kitchen waste management 74 4.3.9.4 The return boxes of clothing facilitated by government 74 4.3.9.5 Bring plastic bottles to sell in department store 74 4.3.9.6 The unused electronics product can get coupon or discount in the next payment 74 4.3.9.7 Recycle logo on the packaging 75 4.3.9.8 The waste management responsibility and dissemination 75 4.3.10 Complains about household waste management in Taiwan 75 4.3.10.1 Garbage cans are not found in every area 75 4.3.10.2 Citizens have to find specific time to wait for garbage truck and go to the designated location ………………………………………………………………………………………75 4.3.10.3 There is no correct bins available for trash 76 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDTION 77 5.1 Discussion and recommendation on Thailand MSW-to-energy industry 77 5.2 Discussion and recommendation on Thailand waste management 77 5.2.1 Discussion on municipality waste management 77 5.2.2 Recommendation on municipality waste management 79 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION 80 1.1.1 PESTLE analysis on Thailand MSW-to-energy industry 80 1.1.2 PESTLE analysis on Sweden MSW-to-energy industry 82 1.1.3 Case study of Taiwan municipal waste management 84 CHAPTER VII: APPENDIX A xiv CHAPTER VIII: 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