飛行時間式二次離子質譜術與二次離子質譜術於感熱紙、矽元件、食用油中無機、有機表面與薄膜直接分析之研究

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研究生：	宋卓勳 Sung, Cho-Hsun
論文名稱：	飛行時間式二次離子質譜術與二次離子質譜術於感熱紙、矽元件、食用油中無機、有機表面與薄膜直接分析之研究 Direct Analysis of Thermal Paper, Silicon Devices, and Edible oils by TOF-SIMS and SIMS for Inorganic and Organic Surfaces and Thin Films
指導教授：	凌永健 Ling, Yong-Chien
口試委員:	黃賢達 Huang, Shang-Da 麥富德 Mai, Fu-Der 張家耀 Chang, Jia-Yaw 黃郁棻 Huang, Yu-Fen
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	理學院 - 化學系 Department of Chemistry
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	187
中文關鍵詞：	二次離子質譜術、酚甲烷、矽元件、食用油、石墨烯
外文關鍵詞：	Secondary ion mass spectrometry, Bisphenol A, Silicon device, Edible oil, Graphen
相關次數：	點閱：1 下載：0
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飛行時間式二次離子質譜術(TOF-SIMS)為一可分析固體或非揮發性液體表
面及近表面區域化學資訊之技術。其質量解析度可達 2000 以上，且靈敏度可達
ppma 至 ppba 等級。此外，可偵測相當多種類之二次離子碎片，包含單及多原子
離子、有機物與生物大分子等。本論文將採用飛行時間式二次離子質譜術及二次
離子質譜術與其他相關之分析技術，進行感熱紙中酚甲烷(BPA)定量及轉移、製
程用水中硼濃度對半導體元件影響、食品中食用油種判別之研究。
酚甲烷目前被廣泛用於各種商業產品，包括在感熱紙中作為顯影劑。由於先
前有關健康風之研究指出酚甲烷會經由手指接觸感熱紙後滲透進皮膚，因此建立
可直接偵測感熱紙表面之酚甲烷的分析方法有其必要性。表面分析技術如
TOF-SIMS 有助於此方面的分析需求。藉由定性離子，感熱紙表面的酚甲烷可輕
易的被 TOF-SIMS 所偵測。通過自行製備之酚甲烷/硬脂酰胺固體標準品，可得
到有效的酚甲烷離子碎片之強度對酚甲烷在標準品中濃度之檢量曲線並進行感
熱紙中之定量。高效液相層析-螢光偵測器之分析結果顯示， TOF-SIM 定量之表
面濃度與其定量之整體濃度是一致的。在感熱紙中酚甲烷轉移實驗中，發現約有
2.4 微克的酚甲烷經由持握感熱紙 30 秒後轉移至手指皮膚，且其轉移量與酚甲烷
之表面濃度高度正相關。此法具有所需之樣品前處理簡易、分析時間快速、無偽
陰性等優點，有望可被利用於感熱紙的快速篩選及其中酚甲烷暴露風險等研究。
近年來由於水資源日益短缺，海水淡化水逐漸成為一種可替代之工業用水，
但其中硼濃度是最為被半導體製造業所擔憂的，因水中硼的存在可能導致不良的
P-N 接面進而降低產品之良率。在本研究中，利用 SIMS、感應藕合電漿質譜儀
（ICP-MS）及半導體參數分析儀針對硼污染物在矽半導體元件中之分佈與濃度
以及相關電性進行評估。分析結果顯示，硼及其他可能會影響電性之金屬絕大部
分存在氧化層/基材之界面，且界面中硼濃度與製程用水中硼濃度呈正向線性相II
關(R2 > 0.95)。當製程水中的硼濃度為 125 ppt 以上時，明顯對矽半導體元件之電性，諸如平帶電壓、極限電壓及崩潰電壓產生降低之現象。分析的結果清楚地表明硼對半導體的顯著影響。因可以提供人體必需的營養素：脂質，食用油對於人體及日常生活是密不可分的。
近年有關食用油的安全問題不斷爆發，例如調和油的成分標示不實，或使用不可食用的劣質油加工成商品販賣等。這些事件不僅對我們的飲食產生影響，
更凸顯現有的食品檢測方法不能滿足當今的需求。因此，有必要提出更合適的分
析方法以建立更完整的油品資料庫。在本研究中，以簡單的前處理及取樣方法搭
配 TOF-SIMS 來檢測植物及動物油中三酸甘油脂及離子化過程產生之二酸甘油
脂的組成與含量。隨後利用主成分分析處理TOF-SIMS 所獲得之資訊，成功區分
及判別 14 種單一植物油以及食品中所含油脂之種類。再根據所選出之特性離子
之強度與調合之比例，可進一步以模擬調合油比例模型建立摻偽判別系統。
分子成像(Molecular imaging, MI)是近來新出現並迅速發展的一個生物醫學
領域，用以顯示和量測活體內生物反應過程中細胞和分子等級的特性，可有效的
揭露生理和病理機制，以及對疾病治療進行即時、動態、精準、低傷害、靶向性
的偵測和追蹤。因此近年來，在不同種類 MI 藥劑的開發上皆有相當程度的進步。
自 2004 年之後，與石墨烯相關的研究如雨後春筍般的出現，利用石墨烯輔以合
理及多功能所開發設計的奈米材料，如此使得石墨烯具有極大作為 MI 藥劑的可
能性。由於石墨烯的特殊物理及化學特性，極易於表面進行所需的修飾，而經由
這樣程序所製備的石墨稀奈米材料擁有穩定可調的放光、體積小、低毒性及高生
物相容性等優點，因此已經在很多研究中被用來觀察體內和體外的成像以替代傳
統藥劑。本章節為文獻評論及回顧之形式，首先概述石墨烯的特性與目前常見的
MI 型態，接著討論利用石墨烯開發同類別的 MI 藥劑之進展及其奈米材料之物
理與化學性質。最後提出此領域的未來將面臨的挑戰與展望。

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is an analytical technique
that can be used to characterize the surface and near surface region of solids and the surface
of some liquid sample without volatility. TOF-SIMS could be detected including single- and
multi-atomic ions, and organic fragments with different polarity. In this thesis, bisphenol A
(BPA) in thermal paper, the effect of boron concentration in process water for silicon device
and species of edible oil on foods were investigated by TOF-SIMS or SIMS couple with other
related analytical techniques.
BPA has widely been used in a variety of consumer products including thermal papers
(TPs) as a color developer. The health risk associated with dermal penetration of BPA as a
result of the finger contact with TPs warrants the need of a new analytical method for direct
analysis of BPA in TP surface. Techniques of surface analysis such as TOF-SIMS was helpful
to fulfill this need. Fragment ions of BPA on the TP surface were readily detected by
TOF-SIMS. Quantification of BPA was performed by establishing curves based on the
intensity of the BPA fragment ions versus the concentration of BPA in the prepared
BPA/stearamide solid sample which exhibits acceptable correlation coefficient. The content
of BPA in the surface of BPA-positive TPs agrees well to bulk BPA concentration by
high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector analysis. The amount of BPA
transferred from TP-positive TPs to the holding fingers (last for 30 seconds) was found to be
~2.4 g and highly related to the surface BPA concentration. Direct analysis of BPA in TPs
by TOF-SIMS is useful for screening purpose of TPs as well as for provides an opportunity
for estimating BPA exposure from TPs.
Recently, the boron concentration in desalination plants and fabrication process has
become most critical issue due to high cost and adverse effect on the performance of
semiconductor devices (SD) since the presence of boron might causes poor P-N junction and
lowers the production yield. In this study, SIMS and inductively coupled plasma-mass
spectrometer (ICP-MS) coupled with semiconductor parameter analyzer were used to
determining the effect of boron contaminants in SD. The main aim for the present study was
to identify boron spatial distribution and concentration in SD as well as an investigation of
relevant electrical properties. Spatial locality of boron and various metal species that may
affect electrical property was determined at the interface of silicon dioxide layer and Si wafer
in SD. The amount of boron was found in SDs is proportional to the boron concentration inIV
process water. When the boron concentration in process water was higher than 125 ng/L, the
related electrical properties were significantly decreased. The result of analyses clearly
indicates the pronounced effect of boron on a semiconductor.
Edible oils play an essential role for human body since they provide lipids. There have
been a lot of safety issues about edibles oils in recent years such as misbranding of blended
oils and the products that made from inedible oils. These scandals indicate that the existing
food examination methods are unable to meet the demand nowadays. Therefore, it is
necessary to come up with more suitable methods to figure out this problem. In this research,
a rapid method for classifying edible oils on foods was established by applying TOF-SIMS to
detect the acylglycerols with limit pretreatment. TOF-SIMS data were subsequently analyzed
by principal component analysis (PCA) to make a clear classification between various oils,
showing its potential in differentiating the fakes quickly. Further quantification of mixing
ratio was studied by estimating known and unknown compositions of blend oils according to
the curves of intensities of selected ions versus adulterant concentrations. This fast and
effective method is of great advantage to authenticate edible oils.
Molecular imaging (MI) is a noninvasive, real-time visualization of biochemical events
at the cellular and molecular level that can be advantageously applied in the areas of
diagnostics, therapeutics, drug discovery, and development in understanding the nanoscale
reactions including enzymatic conversions and protein–protein interactions. Consequently,
over the years, great advancement has been made in the development of a variety of MI
agents such as peptides, aptamers, antibodies, and various nanomaterialsincluding
single-walled carbon nanotubes. Recently, graphene, a material popularized by Geim &
Novoselov, has ignited considerable research efforts to rationally design and execute a wide
range of graphene-based NMs making them an attractive platform for developing highly
sensitive MI agents. Owing to their exceptional physicochemical and biological properties
combined with desirable surface engineering, graphene-based NMs offer stable and tunable
visible emission, small hydrodynamic size, low toxicity, and high biocompatibility and thus
have been explored for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications as a promising alternative of
traditional imaging agents. This chapter is review form which begins by describing the
intrinsic properties of graphene and the key MI modalities. We provide an overview on the
recent advances in the design and development as well as physicochemical properties of the
different classes of graphene-based NMs being used as MI agents for potential applications.
Finally, the major challenges and future directions in the field will be discussed.

摘要 I
Abstract II
List of content V
List of Tables VIII
List of Figures IX
Abbreviations XII
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Techniques of Surface Analysis 1
2 Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry 3
2.1 Basic principle 4
2.2 Ion source, dual beam sputtering and charging compensation 5
2.3 Mass analyzer and detector 6
2.4 Resolution 7
2.5 Operation modes 9
2.6 Data interpretation 11
2.7 Applications 13
3 Motives 16
4 References 19
5 Tables 26
6 Figures 29
Chapter 2 Direct Analysis of BPA in Thermal Papers by
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Content and
Transfer
1 Introduction 34
1 Experimental section 36
2.1 Materials and reagents 36
2.2 Apparatus 36
2.3 TOF-SIMS analysis 37
2.4 BPA content determination 38
2.5 BPA transfer to touched finger 38
3 Results and discussion 39
3.1 Identification of BPA in TPs by TOF-SIMS 39
3.2 Quantification of BPA in TPs by TOF-SIMS 41
3.3 BPA transfer from TPs to touched finger 42
4 Conclusions 43VI
5 References 45
6 Table 69
7 Figures 70
8 Supporting material 76
Chapter 3 Effect of Boron Concentrations in Ultrapure Water on
Electrical Properties of Silicon Device
1 Introduction 83
2 Experimental section 85
2.1 Chemicals and materials 85
2.2 Si wafer cleaning and treatment 85
2.3 SiO2 deposition and high voltage capacitor fabrication 86
2.4 Chemical analyses by SIMS and ICP-MS 86
2.5 Electrical measurements by electrical parameter analyzer 87
3 Results and discussion 88
3.1 Boron concentrations in BLUPW and BRUPW by ICP-MS 88
3.2 Boron profiles in CHEM wafers by SIMS 89
3.3 Boron amounts at SiO2/Si interface by ICP-MS and SIMS 90
3.4The thickness of SiO2 layer in HVCs 91
3.5 Electrical properties of HVCs 91
4 Conclusions 92
5 References 94
6 Tables 96
7 Figures 98
8 Supporting material 103
Chapter 4 Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry
Combined with Principal Component Analysis for Rapid
Identification of Edible Oils on Foods
1 Introduction 104
2 Experimental section 106
2.1 Samples and preparation 106
2.2 TOF-SIMS spectrum analysis 107
2.3 Data preprocessing 108
2.4 Principle component analysis 108
3 Results and discussion 108
3.1 Validation of sample preparation and TOF-SIMS analysis 109
3.2 Profiling of TAGs and DAGs in edible oil samples 109
3.3 Principal component analysis of different kinds of edible oils s 110VII
3.4 Identification of oil species on food 113
3.5 Identification model for blended oils of four kinds common
plant oil
114
4 Conclusions 115
5 References 117
6 Tables 122
7 Figures 130
8 Supplementary Materials 137
Chapter 5 Graphene-based Composites as Molecular Imaging
Agents
1 Introduction 138
2 A brief description of graphene properties 139
3 Molecular imaging and key modalities 142
3.1 Computed Tomography 142
3.2 PET and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 143
3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 144
3.4 Optical Imaging 145
3.5 Ultrasound 147
3.6 Photoacoustic Imaging 147
4 Graphene-based composites as molecular imaging agents 149
4.1 Graphene-Organic Dye Conjugates 150
4.2 Graphene-Antibody Conjugates 152
4.3 Graphene-Nanoparticle Composites 153
4.4 GQDs and graphene-QD composites 155
5 Theranostics 157
6 Conclusions, challenges, and future directions 160
7 References 163
8 Table 173
9 Figures 175
Chapter 6 Summary and Perspective
                                

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