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研究生： 瑪麗娜
Marina Tsikun
論文名稱： 俄羅斯原住民知識保護：生物多樣性公約第8j條款
Russian Perspective on Article 8j of the Convention on Biological Diversity Special Concern with Traditional Knowledge Related Issues
指導教授： 范建得
Fan, Chien-Te
口試委員:
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年： 2006
畢業學年度： 94
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 137
中文關鍵詞： 傳統知識 、原住民 、俄羅斯 、生物多樣性公約 、第8j條款 、自然資源
外文關鍵詞： traditional knowledge, indigenous people, Article 8j
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    • 本研究報告想探討俄羅斯原住民知識的動機受到下列幾點的啟發：本身的學習經驗。身為交換學生，在國立清華大學科技法律研究所的學習過程，以及參與相關研究與報告經歷，致使論文想從事該方面的探討。筆者將概略介紹俄羅斯與國際的這方面的法律制度，並對俄羅斯法做初步分析，以使讀者對俄羅斯法律制度，特別是原住民相關的法有一概括性了解。

    Russia is the largest state on the Earth with the ancient history, multinational culture and rich natural and intellectual resources. This country has rich traditions in the biodiversity conservation, for example, the system of protected areas, forestry and rational use of hunting and sea biological resources. In this work the author wants to stress on the role of indigenous communities in the biodiversity conservation. The world community has realised that it is crucial for biodiversity preservation to envolve indigenous people, use their traditional knowledge. For this purpose the Convention on Biological Diversity by Article 8j gives for all members the framework of protection of indigenous communities and their TK. This paper deals with the issues of implementation of Article 8j in Russian Federation. But Russia has its own features here: Russian indigenous people's traditional knowledge is tied to natural resources and lands they are living on, thats why the protection of indigenous people's knowledge here should start from protection of basic rights of indigenous communities, the rights for lands and natural resources.

    Abbreviation 4 Chapter1: General Introduction 5 1.1 Traditional Knowledge: Corresponding International Tendencies, Global Sense 5 1.2. Significance of TK Related Issues In Russia 6 1.3 Methodology 8 1.3.1 Scope and Limitations 8 1.3.2 Instruments and Methods 10 1.3.3 Logical Organization 10 Chapter 2: Article 8(j) of Convention on Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge 12 2.1 General Background of CBD 12 2.1.1 Biodiversity 12 2.1.2 Convention on Biological Diversity 13 2.2 The Significance of Article 8j in Protecting TK 15 2.2.1 Article 8j and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights 16 2.2.2 TK Introduction 18 2.2.3 The Addressing of TK by Article 8j 19 1) Respect, Preservation and Maintenance of TK 19 2) TK Application Through the Approval of Its Holders 20 3) Utilization of TK with the Equitable Benefit Sharing 21 2.3 Related Issues in Russia: Legal Status of Indigenous Peoples 21 2.3.1 Constitutional Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Russia 23 Chapter 3 Traditional Knowledge Addressed on Natural Resources 25 3.1. Russian Natural Resources 25 3.2 Russian TK Related Issues 27 3.2.1 The Main Legal Documents Devoted to the Preservation of the Aboriginal Minorities, Especially the Preservation of Their Rights to Use Natural Resources on Their Territories as It Contributes to Maintaining Their Traditional Way of Live and Traditional Knowledge Inheritance 28 1) Federal Level 28 2) Regional Level 31 3) Implementation of the Law 36 3.2.2 Drawbacks of the Russian Law: the Analysis of Legislature 41 3.2.3 Solutions 47 1) Indigenous Community Ownership 47 2) Private Ownership Together with Strong Guaranties of the Rights of the Local Communities and a Special Regime of the Management of Their Territories of Living 49 3.2.4 Case Study 54 1) Russia and European Union 54 2) Sakhalin 1 and Sakhalin 2 International Projects in Russia 55 3.3 International Cases: Compare Russia and Other Countries 62 3.3.1 Indigenous People of the Arctic 62 3.3.2 International Organizations of Circumpolar Indigenous Peoples 63 3.3.3 Canada Case Study 66 1) Status of Indigenous People in Canada 66 2) Cases of Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples in Canada: 67 3) Implementation of Article 8j in Canada 72 3.3.4 Compare Russia with Canada and Other foreign Countries 73 Chapter4 Realignment of Russian Legal System to Cope with the Challenges 76 4.1 Different Systems of TK Protection 76 4.1.1 Non-IP Protection of TK 77 1) Prior Informed Consent 77 2) Access and Benefit Sharing 78 3) Contracts 80 4) Protected/Conservation Areas 82 5) Ensuring Participation of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities 86 6) International Cooperation 87 4.1.2 IP Protection of TK 87 1) Patent Law 88 2) Trade Secrets 91 3) Traditional Knowledge Registries 91 4) Prior Art and Defensive Disclosure 95 4.1.3 Sui-Generis Protection System 97 4.2 Russian Legal System Realignment in Order to Fulfill Obligations Under Article 8j 100 4.2.1 Non-IP Protection 101 4.2.2 IP Method of Protection 106 4.2.3 Sui-Generis System 107 4.2.4 Prospects and Recommendations 109 Chapter 5: Resume and Recommendations for Russian Legal System 111 Chapter 6: Conclusion 114 References 115 Appendix 122

    Books:

    1) Drahos, Peter and Blakeney Michael, IP in Biodiversity and Agriculture, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2001
    2) Dutfield, Graham, Intellectual Property Rights, Trade and Biodiversity, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, 2000
    3) Girsberger, Martin A., Biodiversity and the Concept of Farmer’s Rights in International Law, Factual Background and Legal Analysis, Peter Lang AG, Berne, 1999
    4) Hansen, Stephen A. and VanFleet, Justin W., Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property, a Handbook on Issues and Options for Traditional Knowledge Holders in Protecting Their Intellectual Property and Maintaining Biological Diversity, AAAS, Washington DC, 2003
    5) Kryazshkov V.A., The right of small indigenous peoples to land // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 1996. No 1. P. 61-72. (In Russian)
    6) Philippe G. Le Prestre, Governing Global Biodiversity, the Evolution and Implementation of the Convention on Biological diversity, ASHGATE, England, 2002
    7) Santaniello V., Evenson R.E., Zilberman D., Carlson G.A., Agriculture and Intellectual Property Rights – Economic, Institutional and Implementation Issues in Biotechnology, CABI, UK,2000
    8) Shestakov A.S., Protected Areas in Russia: Legal Regulation. An Overview of Federal Laws, KMK Scientific Press LTD., Moscow, 2003
    9) Sokolov, Stepanov, Legal Aspects of Protecting Traditional Knowledge in Russia, Hydrometeo Press, St.Petersburg, 2001
    Articles:

    1) Amegatcher A.O., The Protection of Folklor by Means of Copyrights – the Contradictions of the Protection in essence, Copyright Bulletin, Vol. XXXVI, No. 2, 2002
    2) Bowen, Bill, Developing an effective international regime for access and benefit sharing for genetic resources using market-based instruments, MONASH University, the Australian APEC Study Centre, 2005
    3) Brush, Stephen B., Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and the Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge: Protecting Traditional Agricultural Knowledge, 17 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y 59, 2005
    4) Daes, Erica Irene, Indigenous Peoples and Their Relationship to Land: Final Working Paper Prepared by the Special Rapporteur. United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 2000
    5) Firestone Jeremy, Lilley Jonathan, Isabel Torres de Noronha, Cultural Diversity, Human Rights, and the Emergence of Indigenous Peoples in International and Comparative Environmental Law, 20 Am. U. Int’L.Rev. 219, 2005
    6) Goeschl Timo, Gatti Rupert, Groom Ben, Swanson Timothy, The Law of Development and Environment: Incentivizing Ecological Destruction? The Global Joint Regulation of the Conservation and Use of Genetic Resources, 38 Ind. L. Rev. 619, 2005
    7) Howitt, Richard, with John Connell and Philip Hirsch, Resources, Nations and Indigenous Peoples: Case Studies from Australasia, Melanesia and Southeast Asia. Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005
    8) Keating, Dominic, Access to Genetic Resources and Equitable Benefit Sharing Through a New Disclosure Requirement in the Patent System, 87 J, Pat. & Trademark Off. Soc’y, 525, July 2005

    9) Kingsbury Benedict, Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy, 92 AMJIL 414, July 1998
    10) McManis, Charles R., Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and the Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge, 17 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y 1, 2005
    11) Monique M. Ross, Peggy Smith, Accomodation of Aboriginal Rights: the Need for an Aboriginal Forest Tenure, a Synthesis Report Prepared for the Sustainable Forest Management Network University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 2002
    12) Nuno Pires de Carvalho, Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and the Legal Protection of Traditional Knowledge, 17 Wah. U. J.L. & Pol’y 111, 2005
    13) Nwabueze, Remigius N., What Can Genomics and Health Biotechnology Do for Developing Countries?, Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 2005
    14) Osherenko, G., Indigenous Rights in Russia: Is Title to Land Essential for Cultural Survival?, Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, spring 2001
    15) Oxley, Alan, Developing Effective Approaches to Access to Genetic Resources, MONASH University, the Australian APEC Study Centre, 2005
    16) Poelzer, Greg, Aboriginal-State Relations: Russia and Canada in Comparative Perspective, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1997
    17) Poirier Robert and Ostergren David, Evicting People from Nature: Indigenous Land Rights and National Parks in Australia, Russia, and The United Sates, Natural Resources Journal, Spring 2002
    18) Rosario Ortiz Quijano, Solidarit? Canada Sahel, Patcha Mundo, An analysis of Canada’s Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity with a Focus on Forests, May 2002
    19) Shapovalov Aleksandr, Straightening Out the Backward Legal Regulation of “Backward” Peoples’ Claims to Land in the Russian North: the Concept of Indigenous Neomodernism, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev., Spring 2005
    20) Shestakov A.S., Protected Areas in Russia: Legal Regulation. An Overview of Federal Laws, KMK Scientific Press LTD., Moscow, 2003
    21) Slezkine Yuri, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1994
    22) Vakhtin Nikolai, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North, in Polar Peoples: Self Determination and Development. London: Minority Rights Group, pp. 29-80, 1994
    23) Warren H.J. KUO, Jau-Hwa CHEN, Shih-Chang CHEN, Shin-Yee CHOU, Nature of Traditional Knowledge and its Protection – Taiwan’s Perspective, Presented at the Forum "The Evolution of the IP-system, especially in Biotechnology-European and Asian Perspectives". Hanken School of Economics and Business Administration, Helsinki, Finland. In press, 2004

    Legal Documents:
    1) The RF Constitution. M.: Yuridich lit. 1997. 64 p.
    2) Forest Code of the Russian Federation, No. 22-FZ of 29.01.97
    3) Concept of sustainable Forest Management in the Russian Federation, June 25, 1998
    4) Federal Act On Areas of Traditional Nature Management of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of the Russian Federation, No 49-FZ of 7.05.2001
    5) Federal law RF “On State regulation of the socio-economic development of the Russian North”. Sobr. zakonodat. RF. 1996. N 26. St. 3030. (In Russian)
    6) Forest Code of the Russian Federation, No. 22-FZ of 29.01.97

    Web-base resources:
    1. Articles
    1) Tishkov, Arkadiy, The Destiny of Russian Legal System on Protecting Indigenous Peoples of the North: the Commentaries Near Broken Trough, BioDat Journal, 2005
    Full text: http://www.biodat.ru/doc/lib/tishkov1.htm

    2. Legal Documents
    a) International:
    1) The Convention on Biological Diversity
    Full text: http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp
    2) Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Full text:
    http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf
    3) Report of the Fourth Meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Inter– Sessional Working Group on Article 8 (j) and Related Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity Granada, Spain, 23 - 27 January 2006, full text: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/cop/cop-08/official/cop-08-07-en.pdf

    4) Report of the Ad Hoc Open-Ended Working Group on Access and Benefit-Sharing on the Work of Its Fourth Meeting Granada, Spain, 30 January- February 2006, full text: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/cop/cop-08/official/cop-08- 06-en.pdf
    5) Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
    in Independent Countries, Full text: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/62.htm
    6) Regional report of Europe and Russia on Traditional Lifestyle and Biodiversity Use, prepared by the Secretariat of the CBD, 2003,
    full text: http://www.unepwcmc.org/species/sca/traditional_lifestyles/Europe_Russia%20final.pdf

    b) Russian legal documents:
    1) National Strategy of Biodiversity Conservation in Russia, Russian Academy of Science, Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Moscow 2001
    full text: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/ru/ru-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf
    2) The First National Report of Russian Federation: “Biodiversity Conservation in Russia”,
    full text: http://www.biodiv.org/doc/world/ru/ru-nr-01-en.pdf
    3) Land Code of the Russian Federation, No. 136-FZ of 28.09.2001
    Full text:
    http://hghltd.yandex.com/yandbtm?url=http%3A//www.akdi.ru/PRAVO/kodeks/zem.htm&text=+%E7%E5%EC%E5%EB%FC%ED%FB%E9+%EA%EE%E4%E5%EA%F1+%D0%D4&reqtext=%28%E7%E5%EC%E5%EB%FC%ED%FB%E9%3A%3A28680+%26+%EA%EE%E4%E5%EA%F1%3A%3A13997+%26+%D0%D4%3A%3A3517%29//6&dsn=285&d=895982
    c) Others:
    1) http://www.biodiv.org/default. html
    2) http://www.biodat.ru/
    3) http://www.raipon.org/russian_site/
    4) http://www.ruschm.ru/part/?act=more&id=316&pid=163
    5) www.CSIPN.RU/about/

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