本實驗研究了用於表徵微波狀態下液體的寬帶測量裝置。開發了三段式的X-波段波導系統（用於8-12 GHz）來表徵液體的電磁特性。被測液體完全填充在矩形波導法蘭內，並被兩個介電窗口緊密封閉，該介電窗口已預先測量了散射參數。該三段式波導系統（窗口-液體-窗口）的散射係數通過傳遞矩陣法計算。從理論上分析了窗口，材料性能和傳播行為之間的關係。開發了一種簡單有效的檢索算法，該算法可以根據總的透射和反射係數同時檢索液體的複介電常數和滲透率。這項工作為液體表徵提供了標準的測量程序，並具有相當高的準確性，這將有利於食品和藥品檢測。我提供了常見液體的準確介電信息，這將有助於研究液體分子動力學。此外，我還進行了與生物柴油有關的測量，希望通過介電係數的測量來了解酯交換反應的完成情況和產品質量。

A broadband measurement setup applicable to characterize liquids in the microwave regime is investigated. Three-section X-band waveguide system (for 8-12 GHz) was developed to characterize the electromagnetic properties of liquid. The liquid under test is fully filled within a rectangular waveguide flange and tightly enclosed by two dielectric windows whose scattering parameters are pre-measured. The scattering coefficients of this threesection waveguide system (window-liquid-window) are calculated by the transfer matrix method. The relation between windows, material properties and propagating behaviors are theoretically analyzed. A straightforward and efficient retrieval algorithm is developed, which can simultaneously retrieve the complex permittivity and permeability of liquid based on the overall transmission and reflection coefficients. This work provides a standard measurement procedure for liquid characterization with a decent accuracy, which should benefit food and medicine inspection. I provides accurate dielectric information of common liquids, which should benefit the investigation of liquid molecular dynamics. In addition, I also made measurements related to biodiesel, hoping to understand the completion of transesterification and the quality of the product through the measurement of dielectric coefficient.

[1] S. Seewattanapon and P. Akkaraekthalin, "A broadband complex permittivity probe using stepped coaxial line," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, vol. 2011, 2011.
[2] K. Shibata and M. Kobayashi, "Measurement of complex permittivity for liquids using the coaxial line reflection method," in 2015 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC), 2015: IEEE, pp. 452-455.
[3] T. W. Athey, M. A. Stuchly, and S. S. Stuchly, "Measurement of radio frequency permittivity of biological tissues with an open-ended coaxial line: Part I," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 82-86, 1982.
[4] N.-E. Belhadj-Tahar, A. Fourrier-Lamer, and H. De Chanterac, "Broad-band simultaneous measurement of complex permittivity and permeability using a coaxial discontinuity," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 1990.
[5] D. V. Blackham and R. D. Pollard, "An improved technique for permittivity measurements using a coaxial probe," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1093-1099, 1997.
[6] M. A. Stuchly, T. W. Athey, G. M. Samaras, and G. E. Taylor, "Measurement of radio frequency permittivity of biological tissues with an open-ended coaxial line: Part II-Experimental results," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 87-92, 1982.
[7] M. D. Janezic and D. F. Williams, "Permittivity characterization from transmission-line measurement," in 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 1997, vol. 3: IEEE, pp. 1343-1346.
[8] Z. Li, A. Haigh, C. Soutis, A. Gibson, and R. Sloan, "Evaluation of water content in honey using microwave transmission line technique," Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 215, pp. 113-125, 2017.
[9] L. P. Ligthart, "A fast computational technique for accurate permittivity determination using transmission line methods," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 249-254, 1983.
[10] J. Mateu, N. Orloff, M. Rinehart, and J. C. Booth, "Broadband permittivity of liquids extracted from transmission line measurements of microfluidic channels," in 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, 2007: IEEE, pp. 523-526.
[11] P. M. Narayanan, "Microstrip transmission line method for broadband permittivity measurement of dielectric substrates," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2784-2790, 2014.
[12] R. Böhmer, C. Gainaru, and R. Richert, "Structure and dynamics of monohydroxy alcohols—Milestones towards their microscopic understanding, 100 years after Debye," Physics Reports, vol. 545, no. 4, pp. 125-195, 2014.
[13] D. C. Campos, E. L. Dall’Oglio, P. T. de Sousa Jr, L. G. Vasconcelos, and C. A. Kuhnen, "Investigation of dielectric properties of the reaction mixture during the acid-catalyzed transesterification of Brazil nut oil for biodiesel production," Fuel, vol. 117, pp. 957-965, 2014.
[14] L. Chen, C. Ong, and B. Tan, "Amendment of cavity perturbation method for permittivity measurement of extremely low-loss dielectrics," IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1031-1037, 1999.
[15] X. Gonze and C. Lee, "Dynamical matrices, Born effective charges, dielectric permittivity tensors, and interatomic force constants from density-functional perturbation theory," Physical Review B, vol. 55, no. 16, p. 10355, 1997.
[16] Z. Li, A. Haigh, C. Soutis, A. Gibson, and R. Sloan, "A simulation-assisted non-destructive approach for permittivity measurement using an open-ended microwave Waveguide," Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 39, 2018.
[17] K. Mathew and U. Raveendranath, "Waveguide cavity perturbation method for measuring complex permittivity of water," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 104-106, 1993.
[18] 郭文川, 吕俊峰, and 谷洪超, "微波频率和温度对食用植物油介电特性的影响," 农业机械学报, no. 8, pp. 124-129, 2009.ㄉ
[19] Z. Eremenko, V. Skresanov, A. Shubnyi, N. Anikina, V. Gerzhikova, and T. Zhilyakova, "Complex permittivity measurement of high loss liquids and its application to wine analysis," Electromagnetic Waves, vol. 19, p. 403, 2011.
[20] A. D. Haigh, F. Thompson, A. A. Gibson, G. M. Campbell, and C. Fang, "Complex permittivity of liquid and granular materials using waveguide cells," Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 425-434, 2001.
[21] K. Shibata, "Broadband measurement of complex permittivity for liquids using the open-ended cut-off circular waveguide reflection method," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 2079, 2014.
[22] K. R. Foster and E. A. Cheever, "Microwave radiometry in biomedicine: a reappraisal," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 567-579, 1992.
[23] T. J. Freeborn, "A survey of fractional-order circuit models for biology and biomedicine," IEEE Journal on emerging and selected topics in circuits and systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 416-424, 2013.
[24] P. Farace, R. Pontalti, L. Cristoforetti, R. Antolini, and M. Scarpa, "An automated method for mapping human tissue permittivities by MRI in hyperthermia treatment planning," Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 42, no. 11, p. 2159, 1997.
[25] M. Xu and L. V. Wang, "Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine," Review of scientific instruments, vol. 77, no. 4, p. 041101, 2006.
[26] J. Grant, R. Clarke, G. Symm, and N. M. Spyrou, "A critical study of the open-ended coaxial line sensor technique for RF and microwave complex permittivity measurements," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, vol. 22, no. 9, p. 757, 1989.
[27] M. Kouzai, A. Nishikata, K. Fukunaga, and S. Miyaoka, "Complex permittivity measurement at millimetre-wave frequencies during the fermentation process of Japanese sake," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 40, no. 1, p. 54, 2006.
[28] U. M. Mc Carthy, G. Ayalew, F. Butler, K. Mc Donnell, J. Lyng, and S. Ward, "Permittivity of meat fish and their components at UHF RFID frequencies and industry relevant temperatures," Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 2009.
[29] A. A. S. Rabih, M. B. K. Rawther, and T. bin Ibrahim, "Capacitive variations study of fish, cow and pig meat," in 2010 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems, 2010: IEEE, pp. 1-4.
[30] S. Nelson and S. Trabelsi, "Dielectric spectroscopy measurements on fruit, meat, and grain," Transactions of the ASABE, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1829-1834, 2008.
[31] J. Roelvink and S. Trabelsi, "Measuring the complex permittivity of poultry meat with a planar transmission-line sensor," in 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2013: IEEE, pp. 1689-1693.
[32] C. Akyel, R. Bosisio, T. Bose, and M. Merabet, "A comparative study of HF and microwave drying of milk," IEEE transactions on electrical insulation, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 493-502, 1990.
[33] B. Alfaifi, S. Wang, J. Tang, B. Rasco, S. Sablani, and Y. Jiao, "Radio frequency disinfestation treatments for dried fruit: Dielectric properties," LWT-Food Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 746-754, 2013.
[34] W. Guo and X. Zhu, "Dielectric properties of red pepper powder related to radiofrequency and microwave drying," Food and bioprocess technology, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 3591-3601, 2014.
[35] D. M. Pozar, Microwave engineering. John wiley & sons, 2009.
[36] B. Jordan, R. Sheppard, and S. Szwarnowski, "The dielectric properties of formamide, ethanediol and methanol," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 695, 1978.
[37] J. Kindt and C. Schmuttenmaer, "Far-infrared dielectric properties of polar liquids probed by femtosecond terahertz pulse spectroscopy," The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 24, pp. 10373-10379, 1996.
[38] R. Buchner, J. Barthel, and J. Stauber, "The dielectric relaxation of water between 0 C and 35 C," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 306, no. 1-2, pp. 57-63, 1999.
[39] R. J. Sengwa and K. Kaur, "Dielectric dispersion studies of poly (vinyl alcohol) in aqueous solutions," Polymer international, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 1314-1320, 2000.
[40] R. Shirke, A. Chaudhari, N. More, and P. Patil, "Dielectric measurements on methyl acetate+ alcohol mixtures at (288, 298, 308, and 318) K using the time domain technique," Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 917-919, 2000.
[41] M. Asaki, A. Redondo, T. Zawodzinski, and A. Taylor, "Dielectric relaxation of electrolyte solutions using terahertz transmission spectroscopy," The Journal of chemical physics, vol. 116, no. 19, pp. 8469-8482, 2002.
[42] S. Sudo, N. Shinyashiki, Y. Kitsuki, and S. Yagihara, "Dielectric relaxation time and relaxation time distribution of alcohol− water mixtures," The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 458-464, 2002.
[43] T. Sato and R. Buchner, "Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of 2-propanol–water mixtures," The Journal of chemical physics, vol. 118, no. 10, pp. 4606-4613, 2003.
[44] T. Sato and R. Buchner, "Dielectric relaxation processes in ethanol/water mixtures," The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 108, no. 23, pp. 5007-5015, 2004.
[45] D. Balamurugan, S. Kumar, and S. Krishnan, "Dielectric relaxation studies of higher order alcohol complexes with amines using time domain reflectometry," Journal of molecular liquids, vol. 122, no. 1-3, pp. 11-14, 2005.
[46] D. L. Faircloth, M. E. Baginski, and S. M. Wentworth, "Complex permittivity and permeability extraction for multilayered samples using S-parameter waveguide measurements," IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1201-1209, 2006.
[47] A. Peyman, C. Gabriel, and E. Grant, "Complex permittivity of sodium chloride solutions at microwave frequencies," Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 264-274, 2007.
[48] H. Lizhi, K. Toyoda, and I. Ihara, "Dielectric properties of edible oils and fatty acids as a function of frequency, temperature, moisture and composition," Journal of food engineering, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 151-158, 2008.
[49] L. G. Prieto, P. Sorichetti, and S. Romano, "Electric properties of biodiesel in the range from 20 Hz to 20 MHz. Comparison with diesel fossil fuel," International journal of hydrogen energy, vol. 33, no. 13, pp. 3531-3537, 2008.
[50] F. F. de Sousa, S. G. Moreira, d. S. dos Santos, J. Shirsley, J. D. Nero, and P. Alcantara Jr, "Dielectric properties of oleic acid in liquid phase," Journal of Bionanoscience, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 139-142, 2009.
[51] U. Møller, D. G. Cooke, K. Tanaka, and P. U. Jepsen, "Terahertz reflection spectroscopy of Debye relaxation in polar liquids," JOSA B, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. A113-A125, 2009.
[52] U. Kaatze, R. Behrends, and K. von Roden, "Structural aspects in the dielectric properties of pentyl alcohols," The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 133, no. 9, p. 094508, 2010.
[53] M. Mohsen-Nia, H. Amiri, and B. Jazi, "Dielectric constants of water, methanol, ethanol, butanol and acetone: measurement and computational study," Journal of Solution Chemistry, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 701-708, 2010.
[54] T. Chretiennot, D. Dubuc, and K. Grenier, "A microwave and microfluidic planar resonator for efficient and accurate complex permittivity characterization of aqueous solutions," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 972-978, 2012.
[55] U. Kaatze, "Hydrogen network fluctuations: Dielectric spectra of glycerol–ethanol mixtures," Chemical Physics, vol. 403, pp. 74-80, 2012.
[56] M. Zhadobov et al., "Complex permittivity of representative biological solutions in the 2–67 GHz range," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 346-355, 2012.
[57] R. Renou, M. Ding, H. Zhu, A. Szymczyk, P. Malfreyt, and A. Ghoufi, "Concentration dependence of the dielectric permittivity, structure, and dynamics of aqueous NaCl solutions: comparison between the Drude oscillator and electronic continuum models," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 118, no. 14, pp. 3931-3940, 2014.
[58] M. Valiskó and D. Boda, "The effect of concentration-and temperature-dependent dielectric constant on the activity coefficient of NaCl electrolyte solutions," The Journal of chemical physics, vol. 140, no. 23, p. 234508, 2014.
[59] F. Fahrenberger, O. A. Hickey, J. Smiatek, and C. Holm, "Importance of varying permittivity on the conductivity of polyelectrolyte solutions," Physical review letters, vol. 115, no. 11, p. 118301, 2015.
[60] J. Corach, P. A. Sorichetti, and S. D. Romano, "Permittivity of biodiesel-rich blends with fossil diesel fuel: application to biodiesel content estimation," Fuel, vol. 177, pp. 268-273, 2016.
[61] S. Kikawa, C.-P. Chen, D. Tetsuda, C. Xie, Z. Zhang, and T. Anada, "Nondestructive measurement of EM-parameters of high-loss materials by two-probes-method," in 2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), 2017: IEEE, pp. 869-872.
[62] T. Karpisz, B. Salski, P. Kopyt, and J. Krupka, "Measurement of Electromagnetic Properties of Food Products and Liquids," in 2018 12th International Conference on Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Water and Moist Substances (ISEMA), 2018: IEEE, pp. 1-9.
[63] W. Ma et al., "Simulation and Analysis of Oleic Acid Pretreatment for Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production," Processes, vol. 6, no. 9, p. 142, 2018.
[64] A. Charkhesht, D. Lou, B. Sindle, C. Wen, S. Cheng, and N. Q. Vinh, "Insights into Hydration Dynamics and Cooperative Interactions in Glycerol–Water Mixtures by Terahertz Dielectric Spectroscopy," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 123, no. 41, pp. 8791-8799, 2019.