從互動觀點談海陸客語中的類狀詞｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	李偉哲 Wei-che Lee
論文名稱：	從互動觀點談海陸客語中的類狀詞 Hai-lu Classifiers: An interactional Approach
指導教授：	曹逢甫 Feng-fu Tsao
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	85
中文關鍵詞：	客家話、海陸、量詞、類別詞、名詞分類
外文關鍵詞：	hakka, hai-lu, measure words, classifiers, noun categorization
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

此論文嘗試從互動的觀點來談海陸客語中的類別詞。我們發現名詞的分類並非武斷的，絕對的，和界限分明的結構。相反地，從認知上來看看似混亂的分類系統都可以從語言使用者與這個世界互動的型態中得到合理的解釋，從語言使用來談分類的定義是有彈性的，常因不同的內外在因素而有許多變異。
從收集來的語料中我們發現出現的頻率最高的和涵蓋的分詞成員最多的類別詞是四個類狀詞，分別為客語中的隻tsak5條tiau55張to□53枝ki53。這些與空間上形狀概念相關的類別詞都可跨範域的搭配名詞，不只做空間形狀的分類也利用概念譬喻(metaphor)或換喻(metonym)的機制做功能性的分類。而其他特殊形狀概念相關的類別詞在使用上比較受限制在功能的範疇中。至於非形狀的類別詞能分類的名詞則更少，通常都是與文化和社會制度相關。這類詞分佈反應了語言分類的最基本的標準來自對習得空間的認知的分類，其次才是社會和文化的分類。其次，這個分佈也說明了語言上的分類定義並非固定，空間的概念也可透過概念的延伸表達功能的概念。

當在語言中類別詞的概念被多次的延語意也相對的弱化，經過一段時間的演化，因為學習和使用上的需要而發展出一個通用類別詞。客語中的隻tsak5似乎就是語用和語法上由繁到簡兩個制約所造成的結果。量詞系統不但反映出了人類的認知系統，也反映了溝通中理解(perception)與製造(production)兩個互相制衡的力量。

This thesis attempts to discuss the classifiers of Hai-lu Hakka in the views of interactive approach. By so doing, we found the classificatory system is by no means arbitrary, absolute and have unbreakable category boundaries. On the contrary, we can expect reasonable and systematic explanations from the interaction types between the humans and the world. The language classification is flexible, dynamic, and cognitively-motivated.
From the collected data analyzed within the interactive viewpoints, we discovered that there are four most frequently exploited classifiers in Hai-lu Hakka- two one-dimensionally salient classifiers tiau55(條) and ki(枝), two dimensionally salient classifier tso□53(張), and three dimensionally salient classifier tsak5(隻), all of which are configurationally shape-related. Our findings show that not only can they classify shapes in resemblance but they can also functionally classify objects in the same experience domain by metaphors and metonyms, two basic strategies to language change and concept elaboration. This ‘coincidence’ is not haphazard but cognitively motivated, which are the prototypical classification device. Another less prototypical classification device is uses of non-configurationally shape classifiers, whose distribution is confined to the functional classification. Finally the non-shaped classifiers are more distributionally confined because they are all from social or cultural stereotypes; in Lakeoff (1986) terms they are ‘jump conclusions,’ whose reasoning and motivation are relatively weak.
Owning to the need to produce easily and learn quickly, on the other end of the fine noun sub-categorization is the simple and general classifier, used to classify every noun and usually comes from the most frequently used classifier. This point made apply well to Hakka. The mostly used classifier 隻 tsak5 for almost every noun is the general classifier, which is used excessively in the child and daily conversation. This demonstrates there is a balance between comprehension and production in communication. In addition, it also shows us how the concepts can be used and changed in language.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT    I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT    IV
TABLE OF CONTENT    V
CHAPTER1    INTRODUCTION    1
1    ETHNO-LINGUISTICS OF HAKKA IN TAIWAN    1
2    CATEGORIZATION    2
3    ARISTOTELIAN MODEL    3
4    PROTOTYPE THEORY    4
CHAPTER2    LITERATURE REVIEW ON CHINESE CLASSIFIERS    7
1    NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS    7
1.1    The semantics of numeral classifiers    7
1.2    Semantic parameters of numeral classifiers    7
1.3    The functions of numeral classifiers    8
2    MEASURE WORDS IN MANDARIN CHINESE    9
Measural and sortal classifiers    11
3    TAI’S MODEL    12
4    WU’S ANALYSIS ON SHAPE-BASED CLASSIFIERS IN MANDARIN CHINESE    14
5    WANG’S ANALYSIS ON NOUN CATEGORIZATION    16
CHAPTER3    METHOD    19
1    MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE    19
2    TRANSCRIPTION    19
CHAPTER4    DATA AND ANALYSIS    21
1    ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK    21
1.1    Shape is the prototypical physical parameter    21
1.2    Classifiers Choices and different interactions    24
2    UNIVERSAL CATEGORIZATION OF HAKKA CLASSIFIERS    30
2.1    Dimensional - shape classifier    31
2.1.1    One-dimensional saliency encoded in 枝 ki53 and 條t□iau55    31
2.1.2    Three-dimensional saliency encoded in 隻tsak5 , 塊te11, 粒 liap5    36
2.1.3    Two-dimensional salient classifiers張[tso□53] and 片[p□ien53]    40
2.2    Non-dimensional shape classifiers    43
2.1.4    Parts of objects (animal):頭t□eu55, 尾mi55    43
2.1.5    Specific classifiers for plants : 叢tso□55, 蕊lui55    43
2.1.6    specific classifiers for necessities: 臺toi55, 領lia□53, 封fun53, 帖t□iap5,扇san55, 頂ta□53, 枚mui55, 盞tsan53, □fut2    44
3    NON- SHAPE CLASSIFIERS CULTURAL CATEGORIZATION OF HAKKA CLASSIFIERS    47
3.1    lio□55(輛), pi(匹), □iu(首), p□ien53(篇), pun24(本), fu11(幅), keu24(口) vi(位)55    48
4    PARTITIVE AND GROUP MEASURES IN CLASSIFICATION    48
4.1    p□ien55(片), te11(塊), t□iet5(節)    48
4.2    Group measures (Intrinsic collective classifiers): su□53(雙), t□ok5(坨), tui11(對), fun53(份)    49
5    NON-SHAPE BASED CLASSIFIERS FOR HUMANS    49
6    DISTRIBUTION OF SHAPE-BASED CLASSIFIERS IN HAKKA    51
CHAPTER5    GENERAL CLASSIFIER TSAK5    55
1    MOTIVATION FOR CHANGES    55
2    GRAMMATICALIZATION OF NUMERAL CLASSIFIERS    55
2.1    Grammaticalization towards informativeness    56
2.2    Grammaticalization towards Simplification    59
2.3    Definition of general classifiers    60
2.4    隻[tsak5]: the general classifier in Hakka    61
2.4.1    Evidence 1: The widest distribution    62
2.4.2    Evidence 2: Abstract and unidentified category    62
2.4.3    隻 in three major dialects in Taiwan    63
2.4.4    Pragmatic inference: 隻 tsak5 and 個kai55    68
2.4.5    Frequency and general classifier    70
3    RECONSTRUCTED GRAMMATICALIZATION PATH OF TSAK5    73
CHAPTER6    CONCLUSION    77
1    SUMMARY OF OUR RESULTS    77
2    IMPLICATIONS    79
3    FURTHER RESEARCH    82

                                

Aikhenbald, Alexandray Y. 2000. Classifier. Oxford University Press.
Allan, Keith. 1977. Classifier. Language 53. 2: 285-311.
Anderson, Steven. 1977. On mechanisms by which languages become ergative. In Li, ed., 317-63.
Berlin, Brent and Paul Kay. 1969. Basic color terms. Their Universality and evolution, Berkely. Los Angeles, University of California Press
Chao, Yen-ren. 1986. A grammar of Spoken Language. Berkley: University of California press.
Chen, Rongan(陳榮安). 1999. Zhongwen Liangci de Yuyi yu Gujin Iongfa zhi Duizhao [The semantics of Chinese Classifiers: A Historical Perspective]. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co. Ltd.
Denny, J. Peter. 1976. What are noun classifiers good for? In the 12th regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago Linguistic Society.
Denny, J. Peter. 1986. The semantic Role of Noun classifiers. Noun Classes and Categorization (ed.) by Colette Craig, 297-308. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Erbaugh, Mary. 1986. Taking stock: the development of Chinese Noun Classifiers Historically and in Young Children. Noun Classes and Categorization. Collete Craig, ed. Pp. 399-436. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Frawley, W. 1992. Linguistics semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
He, jie(何杰). 2000.XiendaiHanwu LiangciYanjio [The Study of measures in Modern Chinese]. Beijing: Minzu Publishing company.
Hein, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi & Hünnemeyer, Friederike. 1991. Grammaticalization: A conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Holems, Janet. 1992. An introduction to sociolinuistics.
Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hopper, Paul. 1987. “Emergent Grammar.” BLS 13 (Proceedings of 13th annual meeting of Berkeley linguistic society), 139-157.
Huang, Chu-Ren. 2000. From Quantitative to Qualitative Studies: Developments in Computational and Corpus Linguistics of Chinese
Huang, Hung-shen (黃鴻盛) . 2004. Taiwan Hwawu Xizhuang Liangci de Zheshixi[The Reality of Shape Classifiers in Taiwan Mandarin]. M.A thesis of National Tsing-hua University.
Huang, Zaijun. 1964. Cong jiawen jinwen langci de yingyong kaocha hanyu liangci de qiyuan yu fazhan. [A study of the origin and development of Classifiers in Chinese from their uses in the oracle bone inscriptions and metal inscriptions]. Zhongguo Yuwen 133: 6, 432-441. Bejing: Bejing Remin Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
Keeting, E. 1998. Power sharing: language, rank, gender and social space in Pohpei, Micronesia. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kuo, JennyYi-chun(郭怡君). 1998. Zhong Yin Liangci yuyi Duibi Fenxi [A semantic and Contrastive Analysis of Mandarin and English Measure words]. M.A. Thesis of National Chung-cheng University.
Labov, W., 1973. The boundaries of words and their meanings. In Bailey and shuy (1973), 340-73
Lakoff, G., 1977. Linguistic Gestalts. CLS 13: 236-87
Lakoff, G., 1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What categories Reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Lakoff, G., 1986. Classifier as a Reflection of Mind. Noun Classes and Categorization, edited by Colette Craig. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s publishing company. P.13-52
Li, Charles N & Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional Reference Grammar, pp.104-113. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1974. Historical change of word order: A Case Study in Chinese and its Implications. Historical Linguistics , (ed.) by C.J.M. Anderson and C. Jones, vol. A: 199 217. North Holland Publishing Co.
Li, Yin Cherry. (李櫻). 2003 The Interaction between Semantics and Pragmatics.Taiwan yuwen yanjiusuo1.1: 169-184
Liu Shi-ru (劉世儒). 1965. Weijin Nanbei Chao Liangci Yanjiu. [A study of measure words of Wejin North and South Dynasities ].Beijing: Zonghua shuju.
Loke, Kit-Ken. 1994. Is Ge Merely a ‘General classifer.’JLTA, Vl.29, pp. 36-50
Loke, Kit-Ken. 1996. Norms and Realities of Mandarin Shape classifiers. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association. 31:2, 1-22
Loke, Kit-Ken. 1997. The Grammaticalization and Regrammaticalization of Chinese Numeral classifier Morphemes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25, pp11-20
Luo, Zhao-jin (羅肇錦). 1990. Taiwan de Kejiahua) [Hakka dialects in Taiwan]. Taipei: Taiyuan Press.
Luo, Zhao-jin (羅肇錦).1988. Keyu Yufa [Hakka Grammar]. Taipei:Xiuasheng Publishing company.
Lyons, John. 1997. Semantics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pinker Steven. 1989. Learnablity and Cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Rosch, E1978. Cognition and categorization , ed. by Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, sponsored by the Scoial Science Research Council., Hillsdale, N. J. :Lawrence Erlbaum Assoicates.
Tai, H-Y.1994. Chinese Classifier Systems & Human Categorization. In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language & Language Change, pp.479-494.
Tai, James. and Lianqing Wang. 1991. A Semantic Study of the Classifier Tiao. Journal of the Chinese Language Teacher Association 25: 1, pp. 35-56
Taylor, John R. 1989. Linguistic categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon.
Wang, Leslie Fu-mei(王富美). 2000. Taiyu Laibeici Yienjiao [Classifiers in Taiwan Min]. M.A .thesis of National Taiwan University.
Wang, Li (王力).1958. Hanwu Shigao Shangci [Historical manuscript of Chinese Language, Vol.a . Bejing: Kexue Publishing
Wu, Li-wen (吳莉雯). Taiwan Sixian Keyu Liangci [A study of Measures in Taiwan Si Xian Hakka]. M.A. Thesis of National Chung-cheng University.
Wu, Yao-lin(吳燿琳).1996. Huayu Xinzhuang Liangci Taijiu [Studies of shape classifiers in Mandarin Chinese]. M.A. thesis of National Tsing-hua University.
Xum Shen (許慎)(ed.).1979. ShuoWen JiZi [ Explaining the simple and analyzing the compound characters].Taipei：Shangwu Press.
Hopper, Pail. J..1986. Some Discourse Functions of Classifiers in Malay. Noun Classes and Categorization (ed.) by Colette Craig, 310-325. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (校內網路)
全文公開日期本全文未授權公開 (校外網路)

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文